婴幼儿猝死综合征心传导系统的免疫组化研究

作者应用ＰＧＰ９．５与抗Ｓ１００抗体和高压消毒蒸锅抗原复活技术对４例婴幼儿猝死综合征（ＳＩＤＳ）和３例非心源性死亡对照婴儿心传导系统的神经组织总量进行免疫组化研究。结果：在正常婴儿心传导系统，ＰＧＰ９．５与Ｓ１００阳性的神经纤维里不均匀分布，以窦房结最多，房室结次之，希氏束最少；４例ＳＩＤＳ心传导系统的神经组织分布同对照组无明显差异。     

钝力性心脏外伤实验性研究——隐囊流体压力冲击心前区

本文应用隐囊流体冲击心前区，成功地制造了钝力性心脏外伤，包括心脏震荡、心脏挫伤，心脏裂伤等原发性心脏外伤以及外伤性冠脉血管炎。心肌炎血栓形成，心肌缺血坏死（外伤性心肌梗死）等继发性或迟发性外伤性损伤，指出：心肌膜爆裂（ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｂｕｒｓｔ），相应纤维横向膨出畸型变可以作为心脏震荡性外伤的形态学指征：钝力作为原始致伤因素作用于心前区通过压，拉，旋转或剪切力引起心脏各部，包括刺激传导系统，心脏神经组织损伤；心脏挫裂伤等见于左右心壁室中隔，心内膜下并呈播散分布。     

改良的心脏传导系统检查法

1991年报道了一种简便的心脏传导系统检查法[1]，并将该法应用于日常法医工作。几年来检查了数百例心脏。1995年3月至5月，应芬兰图尔库大学医学院法医学教授Saukko的邀请，本文作者到图尔库进行合作科研，以探讨应用上述方法在芬兰研究心脏传导系统的可行性。在合作研究过程中，发现芬兰人的心脏比中国人明显为大。根据在中国的经验，研究芬兰的材料，对心脏传导系统各结构的定位更明确了，因而对原来的心脏传导系统检查法又做了改进。此改进的方法，在中国人尸体心脏中应用，效果良好。现将改良法介绍如下。解剖法在各大血管进出心包处切…     

钝力性心脏外伤38例尸检病理学研究

本文研究表明钝力作为原始致伤因素作用于胸部通过压、拉、剪切、旋转等可引起钝力性心脏外伤包括心脏震荡、心脏挫裂伤、心脏玻裂、心脏断离等原发性心脏外伤和继发性乃至迟发性心脏外伤，诸如外伤性心脏炎、冠脉血管炎、血栓形成、外伤性心肌梗塞、外伤性冠状动脉瘤、外伤性室壁瘤、迟发性外伤性心脏破裂等。致命性的心脏震荡，除急性冠循环障碍和心失常外，还可有心脏传导系统和神经组织损伤，尤其心肌肌膜爆裂（ｓａｒｃｏｌｅｍｍａｂｕｒｓｔ）及相应的原纤维膨出畸形变可以作为心脏震荡性外伤的形态学指证。外伤性心肌梗塞和迟发性外伤性心脏破裂以突然发生在外伤后的一定间隔期为特征，应予特殊注意．     

电击死心脏病理学研究

本文对三例因电击死亡尸体的心脏（包括传导系统）的病理改变进行了研究。研究中使用了三例非电击死尸体的心脏进行对照，并采用了多种染色方法以增加诊断的可靠性和消除假阳性。结果显示，两例２２０伏电压电击死的心脏除发现血管壁及其中的血细胞有改变外，心肌及传导系统未见文献所述的坏死性改变。而这种坏死改变在另一例因７５伏交流电电击死的心脏中却表现得相当明显。笔者分析了其中的原因，同时认为在进行类似的研究时，采用对照组和多种染色力“法是十分必要的。     

1例重度房室传导阻滞的形态学观察

１例重度房室传导阻滞的形态学观察姚青松，汪冠三，王穗保（广州市刑事技术研究所，广东５１００３０）房室传导阻滞是心脏传导系统（ＣＣＳ）最常见的心律失常，有关病因与临床心电图已有不少报导，但尸检报告较少，作者曾遇一例，报道如下。１案例报道女，６５岁，因损...     

第11卷中文文题索引

第１１卷中文文题索引（期：页）法医学史十九世纪血痕、精液斑等物证检验史２：８８十九世纪临床法医学的主要成就（一）３：１３８法医学教育心脏传导系统取材方法多媒体计算机辅助教学的应用研究４：１４９病理检验技术心脏传导系统的一种新型染色法２：６０心脏传导系...     

心传导系统的常见疾病(讲座3)

心脏传导系统疾病常是全身或心脏病变的一部分 ,也可以是独立的发生。心脏传导系统疾病虽不多见 ,但它可诱发心律失常导致猝死。心源性猝死是法医学中的重要组成部分 ,故法医应该了解、掌握心脏传导系统病变 ,以便在损伤与疾病并存中作出准确鉴定 ,为执法部门提供量刑定罪的依据。日常尸体解剖中 ,常规心脏传导系统检查 ,都可见到心脏传导系统存在某些异常变化 ,但不要随意轻率地定为猝死原因 ,认定心脏传导系统疾病是其死亡原因 ,需具备以下条件 :1 没有可致死的暴力损伤 ,排除暴力致死 ;2 排除中毒致死 ;3 排除心脏外疾病致死 ;4 排除心…     

3例心肌炎猝死者传导系统的病理组织学研究

<正> 病毒性心肌炎发病率逐年升高,在其组织学、病因学、血清学及发病机制等方面国内外进行了较深入细致的研究,但对心脏传导系统的组织学研究较少。鉴于某些病人尸检除心肌炎外,其它器官未见致死性病变,而且心肌本身的病变也不足以引起突然死亡。为研究猝死是否由心肌炎累及传导系统所致,本文对3例心肌炎猝死传导系统的组织学进行了系统的检查。     

根据S—100蛋白阳性胶质细胞的变化判断脑挫伤时间的实验研究

本文米用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，观察了２４只大白鼠脑挫伤不同时间的胶质细胞特异性标志物Ｓ－１００蛋白的变化。结果表明，挫伤２天后Ｓ—１００阳性胶质细胞的胞体开始增大，突起不明显，随着脑挫伤时间的延长，胞体增大，突起明显的Ｓ—１００阳性胶质细胞数量明显增加，到第五天时达高峰，在脑挫伤的周围区均为胞林大、突起明显的Ｓ—１００阳性细胞，此结果表明Ｓ－１００蛋白的变化可用于挫伤后时间的判断。     

Sudden death following exercise testing related to abnormalities of the cardiac conduction system and coronary artery pathology

A case of sudden death following exercise testing in a 33-year-old man is reported. The forensic autopsy showed atherosclerotic stenosis of the left coronary artery, as well as some changes in the cardiac conduction system, including anomalies of the atrioventricular node and moderate fibrosis and fatty infiltration of the branching bundle. This case demonstrates that cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise may be multifactorial and that abnormalities of the cardiac conduction system may have played some role in the fatal issue.     

NMDAR1在成人心脏中的分布及其法医学意义

目的 检测成人心脏中NMDAR1蛋白,观察其分布情况,并探讨法医学意义。方法以12例高坠死亡成人心脏为标本,提取左、右心室和心传导系统（窦房结、房室结、房室束及左右束支）组织作为实验组;取大脑额部组织作为阳性对照组。所取标本各两份,一份采用westernblot技术检测NMDAR1蛋白,另一份采用免疫组化染色法观察NMDAR1在成人心脏中的分布。结果两组中用westernblot均可检出NMDAR1蛋白表达,其强弱程度：脑组织最强,其次为窦房结和房室结,左右心室肌最弱;用免疫组化方法观察,结果在心脏传导系统可见NMDAR1阳性表达,而在心室肌中未见表达。结论成人心脏中存在NMDAR1,主要分布在心传导系统,NMDAR1可能在心脏电生理和病理生理中起作用。     

Sudden cardiac death in a young woman: tumor of the atrioventricular (AV) node or citalopram intoxication?

Atrioventricular (AV) node tumor is a very rare lesion of the cardiac conduction system. Clinically, it is associated with complete AV block and sudden cardiac death, often in apparently healthy young people.We report a case of a 24-year-old woman who developed ventricular fibrillation during sexual intercourse and died before admittance to the hospital. The woman had a medical history of depression and was treated with citalopram.At first, no macroscopic or microscopic pathologic changes were found. Toxicologic analysis showed a toxic level of citalopram in the blood. Further microscopic examination of the cardiac conduction system disclosed a tumor of the AV node. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed endodermal origin in accordance with the latest hypothesis of the pathogenesis of this tumor.It was concluded that this young woman died of cardiac arrhythmia due to the AV tumor and not from citalopram intoxication, as first suspected. This case emphasizes the importance of a microscopic examination of the cardiac conduction system in cases of sudden unexpected death, even in cases with a plausible cause and manner of death at first glance.     

Congenital atrioventricular block: histological aspects

It is known that maternal immunological factors such as systemic disease are involved in the genesis of cardiac conduction problems in the fetus but the histologic changes in the conduction system are less documented. We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with no significant medical history. Her first pregnancy was induced by Clomifene. At 17 weeks of gestation, the fetus presented sonographic abnormalities characteristic of a complete atrioventricular block. Biological investigations found anti-SSA and -SSB antibodies. Clinical history search for systemic disease was positive for photosensitivity, lasting 10 years, suggesting the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. The patient was treated with prednisone 20 mg per day but fetal death occurred at 29 weeks of gestation. Histological examination of the fetal heart showed an altered atrioventricular node and bundle of His with fibrosis, calcifications, endocardial fibroelastosis and mononucleated inflammatory cells. The search for these specific lesions can be determinant in establishing the disease pathogenesis; also, it is important to eliminate this diagnosis in an unexplained fetal death.     

An Unexpected Finding in SUDEP Involving a Child: Focal Myocardial Infarct Adjacent to Bundle of His

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a nontraumatic, nondrowning death of an individual with epilepsy in which an autopsy with appropriate ancillary studies does not identify a cause of death. The mechanism of death in SUDEP is unknown, but is thought to involve cardiac and/or respiratory mechanisms. Research in SUDEP is hindered by a lack of consensus regarding required components of a death investigation before a cause of death may be certified as SUDEP. Histopathologic examination of the cardiac conduction system is not routinely performed in SUDEP death investigations. We present a case of SUDEP where histopathologic examination of the cardiac conduction system revealed a focal myocardial infarct of the summit of the ventricular septum abutting the bundle of His, which potentially provides insight into the mechanism of SUDEP for this particular case, and suggests that routine examination of the cardiac conduction system in SUDEP may be beneficial.     

Histopathological findings of cardiac conduction system of 150 Finns

One hundred and fifty heart specimens were collected from the cases submitted for autopsy in the Department of Forensic Medicine in the University of Turku in March-May 1995 and May-July 1996, respectively. The cardiac conduction system (CCS) of these hearts were examined in order to find out the histopathological changes in the CCS of Finnish persons and their forensic pathological significance. There were 94 males and 56 females. Almost all age groups were included. The results revealed that in most of the persons the fibrous tissue and fatty tissue in the CCS increased with aging. In about half of the persons, there was deposition of calcium in the central fibrous body, pars membranacea, and the top of the musculature in the interventricular septum. In seven cases, the atrioventricular node (AVN), His bundle (HB) or bundle branches (RBB, LBB) were compressed by the calcium deposition. Hemorrhage, inflammation, amyloidosis, tumor, fatty infiltration and developmental malformations were observed in 31 cases. Twenty-eight cases died of myocardial infarct, among them, no involvement of the CCS could be observed. The authors concluded that routine examination of the CCS is helpful for revealing diseases of the CCS and improving the quality of forensic pathological diagnosis.     

心脏传导系统的增龄性变化

心脏传导系统（CCS）包括窦房结（SAN）、房室结（AVN）、房室束（又称希氏束，HB）、左右束支（LBB，RBB）及其终末纤维网，其功能是把心脏搏动的冲动传导到整个心脏，以协调心脏的节律性收缩．近年来，CCS病变与猝死的关系引起重视，已有研究表明，一些猝死与CCS的病变有关。但在实际应用中，必须将CCS增龄变化同其病变区分开来，以免误将其正常增龄变化视为病变，导致错误的结论．1SAN的年龄变化在光镜水平，Lev[1]首先对53例4个月胎儿至90岁老人的SAN进行了分年龄组观察；Davies[2]对50岁以下和75岁以上两组各50例的SAN…     

Evaluation of a simplified method of the conduction system analysis in 110 forensic cases

A simplified method of the His bundle analysis is evaluated by the study of 110 forensic cases. The atrioventricular node or its part were observed in 96 cases (87.3%), penetrating bundle in 92 cases (83.6%), branching and left bundles branch in 109 cases (99.1%) and right bundle branch in 73 cases (66.4%). The changes such as fibrosis and fatty infiltration show statistically significant differences (P<0.01) between progressive age groups confirming their degenerative and age-related nature. The study included as well nine cases of sudden unexpected death and two cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), for which the autopsy with histological examination and toxicological analysis resulted negative. For nine of these cases, pathological lesions were found which can even explain the fatal issue. Moreover, in the cases with known cause of death, potentially lethal changes were noticed. This simple, low cost technique could be proposed to forensic pathologists as easy to fit into the routine processing of autopsy material, allowing the detection of major abnormalities with minimal effort. The authors also consider the difficulties related to the interpretation of the pathological findings in the conduction system.     

Sudden Death Due to Infiltration of Left Bundle Branches by Interventricular Septal Cardiac Fibroma

Cardiac fibromas are benign conditions; however, their location and size may cause ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. We report a case of a 68‐year‐old female who died suddenly. Postmortem investigation detected a huge cardiac fibroma in the pars muscularis of the interventricular septum, occupying almost the entire muscular septum, and restricting the volume of left ventricular chamber. Histological examination revealed numerous foci of calcification in the alternating complex interlacing or strictly parallel collagenous fiber mass. Tumor mass was mainly demarcated, but in some places, fibrous infiltration of surrounding working cardiac muscle was found. We present a case when direct tumor involvement in the descending left bundle branches was evidenced. Mainly, the branches of septal fascicle were disrupted, entrapped, and degenerated by the tumor mass. This case report emphasizes that postmortem histological examination of conduction system in all sudden cardiac death cases may substantially improve the accuracy of postmortem diagnosis.