Public perceptions of internet,familial and localised sexual grooming: Predicting perceived prevalence and safety

Abstract

This paper examines public perceptions of three sexual grooming types: computer-mediated sexual grooming (CMSG), familial sexual grooming (FSG) and localised sexual grooming (LSG). Using data from a national survey of 557 respondents from the United Kingdom, we tested models that predicted perceptions of the prevalence of CMSG, FSG and LSG and the perceived safety of internet, familial and localised grooming spaces. Media-related factors were the most significant in predicting higher levels of perceived prevalence of CMSG and disagreement in relation to safety of internet and public spaces. Knowledge of a grooming victim was most significant in predicting higher levels of perceived prevalence of FSG and LSG and higher levels disagreement in relation to the safety of the home. The findings suggest that the public express too little concern over familial sexual grooming and that initiatives should be introduced to make citizens more aware of the distinctions between types of sexual grooming behaviours, settings and offenders.     

A Vigilante Model of Justice: Revenge,Reconciliation, Forgiveness,and Avoidance

Once a working relationship is damaged through an act of injustice, how do the victim and offender repair their relationship? What causes the victim to let go of the anger and resentment and then reconcile with the offender? We propose a theory that the likelihood of forgiveness and reconciliation is greatly enhanced, and revenge and avoidance greatly decreased, if justice is first served. That is, forgiveness follows justice; without justice, forgiveness is much less likely. Justice may be served one of three ways: (1) by the victim evening the score; (2) by the organization punishing the offender; or (3) by the offender repenting. We recommend that managers establish a procedurally just climate so that victims of offense seek distributive justice through formal channels rather than seeking it themselves through revenge.     

论域观下的无被害人犯罪概念

不同的论域下有不同的犯罪概念。目前给无被害人犯罪所下的定义存在着论域不清的问题。无被害人犯罪的概念应区分刑法还是犯罪学论域。关于无被害人的含义是界定概念的关键。刑法中,无被害人犯罪的内涵要素是违背伦理道德并法益侵害不明显。犯罪学中,内涵要素是违背伦理但社会危害性小。外延上要与隐形犯罪、没有在意的犯罪相区别。     

Perpetrators of organised child sexual exploitation (CSE) in the UK: a review of current research

ABSTRACT

Researchers and professionals tend to agree that there continues to be a paucity of evidence on who perpetrates organised child sexual exploitation (CSE). This article provides a review of currently available research and data pertaining to this form of offending. It also considers gaps in existing research and some of the challenges surrounding current data recording. Beginning with a discussion of terminology surrounding organised CSE - which has also been called “group localised grooming”, “internal trafficking” and “contact child sex abuse” – there then follows a request for greater clarity of terminology. Finally, the specific issue of offender characteristics is broached through an examination of available research and evidence relating to the perpetrators of organised CSE.     

风俗犯罪的处罚根据初论——以风俗犯罪正当化的考察为视角

立法者在刑法中创制风俗犯罪主要是基于维护社会生活中善良风俗的考量,但是刑法的目的是保护法益,单纯侵害社会生活中善良风俗的行为是否具有法益侵害性和应否发动刑法对其予以规制是需要进一步探讨的问题,这有赖于考察风俗犯罪的正当化。唯有侵害社会生活中善良风俗的行为犯罪化与风俗犯罪正当化的内涵相符,相关风俗犯罪的创制才是合理的,这是阐明风俗犯罪处罚根据的核心所在。风俗犯罪的正当化不仅与自由保障理念和法益保护理论具有重要关联,还与伤害原则、从属性原则以及罪刑均衡原则密不可分。     

网络交易的纠纷解决机制探析——基于民间法与国家法互补的视角

高风险一度是网络交易发展的瓶颈所在。近年来,网络交易平台发挥网络科技的优势,为交易者提供了一些独特的风险防范和纠纷解决机制,极大地促进了网络交易的发展规模。但此种民间型机制的局限和优势一样明显,未能有效＂定分止争＂。要真正保障网络交易的稳定发展,最大程度上解决交易纠纷,除进一步发展和规范民间型机制外,尚需对传统的官方型机制予以适当的＂网络化改造＂,最终形成两者的良性互补。     

追缉战术浅探

对犯罪嫌疑人实施追缉，必须具备两个条件一是踪迹、特征条件，一是时间、空间条件。追缉的形式，则应根据需要与可能，或单路追缉，或多路追缉；或公开追缉，或化装追缉；或接力追缉，或交替追缉。追缉力量必须严格组织，追缉过程中应讲究接敌策略，因案施策。     

The failure of british obscenity law in the regulation of pornography

Abstract

Summary: In this paper the author addresses the problem of pornography with particular reference to legal regulation in England and Wales against the wider context of the lack of adequate control of pornography world-wide. This is explored first by an examination of the nature and increasing availability of pornography. Second, is provided a consideration of the competing philosophical and ideological arguments for and against its regulation. Third, is provided a statement of the current legal regulatory mechanisms of control germane to the global dissemination of pornography. Finally, the application and effectiveness of obscenity law in England and Wales is considered.     

论我国规制网络言论立法之完善

法律在规制网络言论中具有重要作用,目前世界上多数国家都有规制网络言论的法律规定。我国规制网络言论的立法覆盖面广,各领域基本做到了有法可依,但存在立法层次低、权威性不够以及法制不统一等问题。完善规制网络言论的立法,应遵循必要性原则、明确性原则和公众参与原则。国务院应加强对行政法规、规章的审查和清理工作。全国人大常委会应适时出台《网络信息管理法》和《个人信息保护法》。     

Homicidal Ideation and Individuals on the Autism Spectrum

Interest in the relationship between autism and violence has increased in recent years; however, no link has clearly been established between them. Researchers remain curious if autistic people with certain traits (e.g., a history of trauma) are at greater risk of violence than those individuals with autism alone. In this article, we detail two individuals with homicidal ideation (HI) admitted to inpatient psychiatric units who were found to have a diagnosis of autism without language impairment. These cases illustrate the need for mental health providers to consider autism in their differential diagnosis when evaluating an individual with HI. Broadly, we consider how an autistic individual could be susceptible to developing HI and explore treatments specific to autistic individuals that may be helpful in such cases.     

关于网络购物纠纷解决的调查与思考

随着网络购物的兴起,网络购物纠纷也日益增多,而且网络购物纠纷解决起来往往困难重重。因此,只有加强道德建设和法制教育,营造一个有利于纠纷解决的道德和法制环境,构建完善的多元化网络购物纠纷解决机制,才能更好地解决网络购物纠纷,促进我国经济的进一步发展。     

Labour of love: Female juvenile prostitution in the Netherlands

Summary

Although the number of young prostitutes increases, little systematic research has been undertaken to gain more insight into the trafficking of these young women. The main object of the present study was to describe the processes (that is, grooming, incorporation, and maintenance) that underlie the trafficking of young women for prostitution. Police records of 16 adolescent prostitutes were analysed. Results show that these prostitutes were recruited by so-called ‘lover boys’ who applied various seduction techniques to make the vulnerable young women fall in love with them. In general, the young women were incorporated into prostitution by means of physical violence. To protect and secure their income and organization, the pimps used a wide range of power and control tactics, of which the use of physical violence can be considered the most effective.     

In their own voices: Report of a study on the later effects of child sexual abuse

Abstract

The purpose of this American study was to explore the later effects of sexual abuse in females. in pre or early adolescence. Based on interviews mith a sexually abused group and a comparison group. the study found that incidents of sexual abuse led to numerous harmful later outcomes for their victims. In contrast to a similar but non abused sample, the victim of abuse were characterized by: harboring thoughts of depression. death and suicidal ideation; experiencing lower self-esteem; having fewer close friends; experiencing more verbal altercatfons with their parent or parents; running away from home; having multiple sexual partners; engaging in sexual acti vity a t an earlier age; not using birth control; having an increased chance of becoming pregnant. andor an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted disease, including HIV and AIDS. Based on these harmful later outcomes. there are many serious implications for child weUm policy and practice. The study's respondents valued assfstance that had helped them recover from the profound emotional trauma. However, they also indlcated that longer term services based in a multi-disciplinary setting, a one-stop facility in essence, would have provided them with more sensltive and effMtive assistance at the point of dfsclasure and subsequently.     

也论我国刑法中犯罪概念的定量因素--与储槐植教授和汪永乐博士商榷

犯罪概念中的定量因素,在理论上缺乏科学根据,在实践中有弊无利.究其根源,犯罪概念中的定量因素是历史的产物,是与法制的发展水平紧密相连的.本文无意批判现在中国的法律制度,仅客观地论证了犯罪概念中的定量因素不是法制中的创新,而是法制发展的滞后表现.     

试论离婚损害赔偿司法实践中的举证难问题

离婚损害赔偿诉讼是近年来才出现的诉讼形态,如何真正地保护在离婚诉讼中无过错方的合法权益,实现惩治过错方的立法目的,必须把握好证据这一关。但在司法实践中,往往面临无过错方举证难的问题,从而制约了离婚损害赔偿制度的有效实现。为此,笔者认为,要解决离婚损害赔偿诉讼中举证难的问题,一是针对隐秘的婚外同居,要着重运用证人证言来连环证明事实,也可根据民诉讼法有关规定,申请由法院负责收集;二是针对受害者身受的家庭暴力,要强化各种证据证明力;三是针对虐待遗弃行为,应充分运用证人证言来证明事实。而从根本上说,要解决举证难问题,立法上应对无过错一方举证问题有特别的考虑,对举证责任要求不能过于苛刻,从而更好地保护无过错方的合法权益。     

Pornography and the construction of misogyny

Summary

In this paper I return to my work in Pornography: Women, Violence and Civil Liberties, the edited volume published in 1992 by Oxford University Press, and subsequently my work on pornography, harm and human rights (Itzin, 1995, 1996a), and to pornography and child sexual abuse (Itzin, 1996b, 1997a,b, 2000a,b,c). I draw from and build on that work and from the contents of the pornography special issue of the Journal of Sexual Aggression (Itzin and Cox, 2000). This paper covers key issues such as legislation and regulation, censorship' and ‘freedom’, the literature on pornography effects, the role of pornography in the aetiology of sex offending and in the construction of desire. In particular, the paper is concerned with theorising aetiology, causality and the ‘epistemology of public policy’ on pornography. It draws from and builds on the scholarship and activism of radical feminism in conceptualising and campaigning against pornography-related harm.     

Child sexual victimisation: ethnographic stories of stranger and acquaintance grooming

Abstract

In recent years research into child sexual offending has highlighted “grooming” as an important part of the offence chain. Topics that have come to dominate the research agenda have focused on the offenders' perspectives, psychological models of offending behaviour and how child sex offenders (CSOs) are managed and treated in local communities (for example through Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements). Whilst these studies are extremely important, one area that has suffered from a lack of research and visible debate is how victims, their families and local communities experience grooming in situ and on a day-to-day basis. Using observational, interview and document data collected from an ethnography of a south-east coast community that houses a number of CSOs, this article examines the strategies used by strangers and acquaintances when grooming the local environment, significant others and children. Importantly, these grooming experiences are articulated from the perspective of the victims and their families. In doing so, the article discusses the implications that these experiences have for understanding offender–victim behaviours.     

危害与责任——论犯罪的主客观二特征

犯罪特征是反映犯罪全面属性的种概念,不能用单一特征说明犯罪本质。归纳犯罪特征应当贯彻法定性、全面性、明确性原则,并应与犯罪具体特征即犯罪构成有内在联系。犯罪特征的内容包括客观和主观两方面,客观特征是应当依法受刑罚处罚的客观危害性,主观特征是应当依法负刑事责任的主观责任性。     

浅谈刑事非法证据排除规则的设立

刑事非法证据排除规则是刑事被诉人人权保障制度极为重要的组成部分,是被诉人人权保障制度研究不能回避的重大课题。本文论述了我国刑事非法证据排除规则制度的现状及不足,提出了设立刑事非法证据排除规则的建议。     

社会危害性与刑事违法性的关系的新解读

社会危害性是犯罪的本质特征这一刑法学命题,近年来受到学界许多学者的质疑与批判。质疑与批判的理由主要集中在社会危害性具有模糊性、易变性,社会危害性与刑事违法性之间存在着冲突,并会破坏罪刑法定原则。同时,有学者对社会危害性理论进行辩护和论证,但是仍未消除批判者们的疑虑。正确解读社会危害性与刑事违法的关系,仍是刑法理论研究的重大课题。社会危害性与刑事违法性的关系,不能脱离社会历史条件。在现代社会的条件下,刑事违法性是犯罪评价的基本标准,社会危害性是犯罪评价的限制性的补充标准。