Animal protection and legislators in Britain and the United States

This article considers the reaction of legislators to the emergence of animal protection as a political issue. A quantitative analysis of legislative behaviour in the House of Commons and the House of Representatives in the late 1980s and early 1990s reveals (mainly through the identification of a small but significant group of legislators willing to promote concern for animal welfare) that the growing societal concern for animals has permeated into the political institutions of Britain and the United States. Examining the characteristics of these legislators suggests, moreover, that the most significant variable is party label, with concern for animals being associated with parties of the centre‐left. It is further suggested that there are good reasons to suppose that this association is no accident and that ideologically, there is a fit between animal protection and the ideals of the left.     

Co-Corrections in the United States of America, 1970-1990

Abstract

A comprehensive review of the impact of co-corrections on women prisoners is reported on here. An exhaustive search of the literature found nine studies that report on the impact of co-corrections for women prisoners. The general finding across all nine is that co-corrections offers women prisoners few, if any, economic, educational, vocational, and social advantages. Co-corrections benefits male prisoners and system maintenance.     

美国惩罚性赔偿制度研究

不久以前,最高人民法院在一个司法解释中,明确规定了惩罚性损害赔偿,从而引起我国民法学界关于惩罚性损害赔偿是否可以确立为一个制度的讨论。因为这种制度应否确立,直接关系到民事责任的传统目的,即救济补偿的取向是否要做修正。所以,这是一个涉及制度目的和价值取向的重要问题。王利明此文对这种美国固有的制度从历史生成、制度构造、特征意义及操作方法诸方面作了细致深入的探究分析,并在此基础上指出了该制度对我国法律制度的启发意义。所述道理观点如何,足可见仁者智者之功。     

美国诉微软公司——新经济时代的美国反托拉斯法与知识产权

一、概述 1998年5月,美国司法部、19个州和哥伦比亚特区(原告)起诉微软公司(被告)违反谢尔曼法。原告认为微软公司利用其在操作系统市场上的垄断地位,在操作系统的销售中搭售(tying)或捆绑(bundling)浏览器和在浏览器市场上实施独占交易(exclusive dealing)协议等行为违反谢尔曼法第一条;微软公司为了维护其在个人电脑操作系统上的垄断地位,实施一系列排他的、反竞争的或掠夺性的商业行为来维持操作系统在市场上的垄断地位,以     

Heroin profiling: Predicting the country of origin of seized heroin

This short report presents an attempt to assess the feasibility of predicting the country of origin of heroin based on the concentration of selected alkaloids and adulterants in seized material. The method used to classify the data was a multivariate statistical analysis, based on a linear discriminant function, which assigns the illicit samples to the country of origin using objective and repeatable criteria. Previously, this has been done using subjective criteria which are open to interpretation. When confined to samples claimed to have originated from Turkey, Pakistan, India and South East Asia in the period 1990 to 1993, the method achieved a successful classification in 83% of cases.     

英美司法鉴定制度简介

本文主要介绍了英美的司法鉴定制度,包括:鉴定机构的设置、鉴定人的诉讼地位及适用规则、鉴定人的资格、鉴定结论的功能范围、鉴定人的义务、鉴定结论的披露等。此外,作者还将上述制度与我国的司法鉴定制度作了比较,并认为,英美的司法鉴定制度对我国当前的鉴定制度改革有一定的借鉴意义。     

Physicians' conflicts of interest in Japan and the United States: lessons for the United States

Japanese health policy shows that even with physician ownership and the absence of for-profit, investor-owned health care, physicians' conflicts of interest thrive. Physician dispensing of drugs and ownership of hospitals and clinics were justified in Japan as ways to avoid commercialization of medicine. Instead, they create physicians' conflicts and fuel patient overuse of services. Japan's Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) has responded by introducing per-diem payment, thereby creating incentives to decrease services in ways similar to those of American managed care organizations, but with none of their benefits, such as coordination of care, oversight of physicians practices, and quality assurance. Although the United States and Japanese health care systems are organized and financed differently there is convergence in the source of their physicians' conflicts and the way they are addressed. The United States is starting to integrate institutional and physician payment and align their incentives, in a traditional Japanese way. In so doing, the United States creates new physicians' conflicts and reduces the role of countervailing incentives and power, an advantage of previous policy. Japan, in turn, has combined incentives to increase and decrease services, thus moving closer to the U.S. policy.     

Heroin abuse and a gas chromatographic method for determining illicit heroin samples in Singapore.

The abuse of heroin (diacetylmorphine) in Singapore escalated sharply in 1975 and 1976, as indicated by the 35-fold increase in the number of heroin seizures and the 20-fold increase in the urine samples containing morphine since 1974. A rapid and simple GC method has been described to estimate diacetylmorphine (and caffeine). Monoacetylmorphine and acetylcodeine may be ascertained by an additional step involving acetylation. All gas chromatograms of a large number of samples analyzed consistently had the same pattern, indicating that they possibly had a common origin. This GC "fingerprint," together with the quantitative data, appears to be characteristic of the illicit Asian or Chinese type of heroin found in Singapore. The proportions of the four major ingredients in some twelve typical samples have been tabulated. Statistical data confirming the accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical method have also been presented.     

Minority Business Enterprise Programmes in the United States of America: An Empirical Investigation

Affirmative action in the United States has generated no shortage of academic, legal, and popular analysis. Yet few ever ask, let alone test, the most fundamental question about affirmative action - whether it actually works. This article provides an historical overview of affirmative action in the United States, briefly reviews its legal status, and then tests the effectiveness of one type of affirmative action in three American cities between 1981 and 2000. It finds that affirmative action in government contracting does not significantly increase minority employment and is statistically insignificant in eradicating discrimination in contracting.     

论美国行政法上说明理由即时性原则

说明理由制度是行政法上的基本制度,是现代国家规范行政权、促进行政法治及保障公共参与的重要方式。我国以单行法的形式规定了特定类别行政行为的说明理由义务,但由于规定粗略、标准不一及法律后果不明确等原因,使说明理由要求难以发挥其制度功能。美国行政法上的说明理由即时性原则奠定了说明理由制度在行政法上的基础地位,在制约行政裁量滥用的同时极大地促进了形式法治,但同时对规则制定造成了些许负面影响。有条件地接受事后说理,将即时性原则视为司法审查的一般指导性规则,统一发回不撤销判决方式的适用情形,将促进行政法治与实现行政管理目标并重,是修正即时性原则的基本方向。深入探究即时性原则的分析框架和发展方向对完善我国说明理由制度极具借鉴意义。     

Priority and rescue financing in the Commonwealth Caribbean: lessons from the United States of America,United Kingdom and European Union

In investigating the operation of the rescue culture in the Commonwealth Caribbean as compared to the United Kingdom administration regime and Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, this paper laments that the Commonwealth Caribbean and the USA fail to consider key issues of post-petition priority for finance. It also delves into a critical, but overlooked, pillar of strong rescue frameworks: access to finance. Taking guidance from the European Union framework on state aid and the UK Funding for Lending and National Loan Guarantee, the author proposes a fair, transparent and efficient framework encompassing state involvement and state-driven private sector engagement.     

Free press-fair trial in Britain and America

This article is a comparative examination of how the free press-fair trial issue is treated in Britain and America. Results of the study indicate that the British have very strict rules regarding trial publicity and media interference with the administration of justice. The United States, on the other hand, has sought to satisfy the First Amendment rights of the press and the Sixth Amendment rights of the accused through a judicial balancing of the competing interests. Consequently, the American people are much better informed about the workings of the criminal justice system than is the British public. The study concludes with proposals to reform the British system, especially the law of contempt.     

Digital identity,privacy and the right to identity in the United States of America

This article analyses digital identity as an emergent legal concept in the United States of America, as a consequence of the move to place all federal government services on-line. The features and functions of digital identity and its legal nature are examined, and the consequences are considered.