The organ and staff of the institute (1980)

The time is nigh for the EU to think more strategically about its global role. This is suggested by the confluence of changes in the international system itself and the internal changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty. When approached via a geopolitical prism, the EU's main interests lie in its neighbourhood, to the east and south, central Asia and the Gulf. These are regions where the EU enjoys the most influence. The EU should therefore engage with other international actors, both traditional and emerging, in an intensified dialogue concentrating in particular on these areas. A Union with a clearer idea of what it is trying to accomplish on the world stage, backed by the means and determination to succeed, could herald a regional pax Europeana, while a continuation of the EU's current drift will condemn it to increasing irrelevance – a pox Europeana.     

The activities of the institute

The Russian economy, though so far in better shape than Europe, is facing the possibility of very slow growth in the near future. Its tendency to volatility was demonstrated in 2008-09, when Russian GDP fell more than that of any other large country. Looking at that experience and at current concerns, it seems that Russia has both demand-side (slow world growth, uncertain future oil prices) and supply-side (falling labour force) problems. The continuing failure to provide secure property rights for business probably compounds these difficulties.     

The activities of the institute

The debate on the role of the IMF in low-income countries has recently gained strength in light of the commitment by the international community to support achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. The IMF fulfils an important role as an information provider to low-income aid-recipient countries and their bilateral donors, who consider Fund signals as a useful device in their allocation decisions. The IMF also provides lending to low-income countries through the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), established in 1999. The PRGF was designed to address earlier criticism claiming that IMF lending programs to low-income countries had privileged stabilisation over poverty-reducing growth through financial arrangements that had shown little ownership by those countries. The PRGF was meant to support a balanced macroeconomic framework in which low-income economies could pursue growth-enhancing measures with relevant poverty-reducing effects, reflecting policy priorities put forward by the countries themselves. Based on the available evidence, PRGF-supported countries have recorded a favourable growth performance vis-à-vis non-PRGF-supported countries, although the extent to which this outcome has translated into poverty reduction has yet to be assessed.     

Jimmy Carter and the Sale of the AWACS to Iran in 1977

It appeared that as 1977 dawned, the political climate in the United States might render multi-billion dollar arms sales into unstable regions a thing of the past. Jimmy Carter triumphed in the presidential election of November 1976 on a popular platform of arms control and the introduction of human rights considerations into American foreign policy. His transition from that idealistic candidate to the president who agreed to sell Iran a fleet of highly advanced AWACS aircraft, as part of a record breaking $5.7 billion arms package, is therefore outwardly confusing. Yet, when examining the entrenched policy path that Carter inherited regarding arming Iran, and the larger needs of Cold War containment, the logic of Carter’s decisions essentially to betray his own policies in this case becomes clear.     

伊朗左翼(社会主义)运动的产生和发展(续)——左翼派别与伊斯兰革命

随着以霍梅尼为核心的伊斯兰话语和思想在革命后逐渐占据政治意识形态的中心,国家政治权力的中心也逐渐为宗教势力所占据,曾经为伊斯兰革命作出巨大贡献的"穆加黑丁"、"费达依"、人民党、"自由运动"等政治军事组织在政治舞台上逐渐被边缘化.这3个过程是同时进行的.革命统一战线随着共同敌人的消失而渐趋瓦解的历史过程,倒是恰好验证了西方"革命学"中的所谓"自然史"阶段的"规律".     

中药复方对鸡免疫器官指数及IL-2表达的动态影响

将300只1日龄公雏鸡随机分为3组,两组分别给予中药方Ⅰ和方Ⅱ(由石膏、苍术、黄柏、藿香分别按质量比1∶1∶1∶1和0.5∶1∶1∶1比例组成,按体重0.3 mg/kg的剂量饮水),对照组按照常规方法饲养。分别于雏鸡第7、21、35、49日龄时,每组随机抽取5只鸡剖杀,取腔上囊、脾、胸腺测定免疫器官指数和IL-2平均阳性表达率,以探讨中药复方对雏鸡免疫器官指数及其IL-2表达的动态影响。结果显示,随着用药时间的增加,中药方Ⅰ和方Ⅱ可显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)提高腔上囊、脾和胸腺等免疫器官指数及其IL-2的平均阳性表达率,方Ⅰ对各免疫器官IL-2阳性表达率的影响最为显著(P<0.05)。证实该中药复方可促进雏鸡细胞免疫水平,增强其非特异性免疫功能,并促进免疫器官的发育。     

The Making of the (Issues of the) Vlaams Blok

In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, one of the strongest extreme right parties of Europe thrives: the Vlaams Blok (the Flemish Bloc). The basic question of this article is straightforward: Do the Flemish media contribute to the success of the Vlaams Blok by emphasizing the themes of the party? The theoretical argument is twofold: agenda setting by the media and issue ownership by parties. The issues the Vlaams Blok owns are determined using two sources: its electoral manifestoes and its electorate's motivations to vote for the party. This leads to four issues: Flemish nationalism, immigrant topics, antipolitics issues, and crime-related themes. Using a vast media data set covering three newspapers and two TV stations and stretching over 10 years (1991-2000), we examine to what extent these issues were covered. The analysis shows that especially immigrant topics and crime receive extensive and growing media attention, and time series analysis shows that this rise parallels the electoral growth of the Vlaams Blok. The media could be considered co-responsible for the Vlaams Blok's upsurge.     

三聚氰胺对小白鼠内脏器官及其细胞凋亡的影响

为研究三聚氰胺急性中毒对小白鼠内脏器官的损害及对细胞凋亡的影响,将18～22g昆明种小白鼠40只随机分为4组,分别经口灌喂蒸馏水和不同剂量的三聚氰胺(370、739和1 479mg/kg)。染毒后第36小时处死小白鼠,观察肺等内脏器官的病理变化;用流式细胞术检测三聚氰胺对肺、肝、脾和肾组织细胞凋亡的影响。病理学观察显示,三聚氰胺各剂量组小白鼠肺充血,肺泡腔有少量红细胞和炎性细胞浸润。1 479、739mg/kg组小白鼠脾、肝轻度淤血,肾小管上皮细胞肿胀和蛋白管型。流式细胞仪检测结果显示,三聚氰胺各剂量组肾和肺的细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而各剂量组肝和脾的细胞凋亡率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。证实,三聚氰胺急性中毒会造成小白鼠肾、肺、肝和脾损害并诱导肾和肺细胞的凋亡。