论公务员在执行上级决定或者命令中的角色定位--对《公务员法》第54条的法理解读

《公务员法》第54条是一个重要的法律制度创新,它从一个角度明确了上下级之间的职权职责关系,既体现了机关首长负责制的原则,又为下级向上级提出意见和建议,避免由于上级的决定或命令给工作造成损失提供了渠道。第54条是由主体两种法律权利和两种法律义务构成的体系,即抗辩权与抵抗权,服从义务与不服从义务。     

认真对待民事保护令——基本原理及其本土化问题探析

民事保护令有着不同的类型,属于特殊的禁令或人身权请求权的实现方式。它依据综合性责任机制保障实施;在程序上具有交错适用诉讼和非讼法理、对受害人予以倾斜保护、具有完备执行程序等特色;在全面保障权利、遏制家庭暴力、维持家庭稳定、保障选择自由之时,其功能也可发生异化。我国民事保护令制度处于试运行状态。需要对已有的立法建议稿等进行对照性研究,并提出未来中国防止民事保护令异化的措施。     

家庭权的私法保障

宪法对家庭的保护意味着既禁止国家对其实施直接侵害,又要求国家颁布法律以落实宪法精神。《婚姻法》作为规范家庭成员权利义务关系的基本法,其关于家庭的制度构建及完善直接影响着公民家庭权益的实现。我国应借鉴国际社会家庭形式多元化与子女利益最大化之理念,弥补传统法的缺陷,完善家庭扶养制度,实现家庭养老与社会保障的互为补充;拓展家庭的法律内涵,赋予同居伴侣平等的家庭权益保护;健全人工生殖规范,明确人工生殖子女的法律地位;完善家庭暴力的防治立法,让家庭和谐在私法自治与公权干预的最佳平衡间实现。     

论临时保护请求权

专利法赋予了发明专利申请人一定限度的临时保护期请求权,但对该权利的规定归于模糊,其法律属性有待研究。实际上,临时保护期请求权不仅不是一个独立的权利,而且是一个极为孱弱的期待性权益,法律对其救济极为有限,不足以保护专利申请人的合法利益。赋予申请人完整的请求权利不会导致权利的滥用。法律有必要考虑做出适度的制度安排以确保专利申请人的利益,真正促进科技创新,实现知识产权法特别是专利法与民法制度的衔接。     

Victim Protection Orders and the Stake in Conformity Thesis

Victim Protection Orders have gained wide use by local courts as one method to protect victims of domestic violence. This study of protection orders involves interviews with individuals who obtained such orders in Arizona. The research questions specifically addressed those variables known as the stake in conformity variables in the six attempted replications of the Sherman–Berk Minneapolis Police Study, to examine their potential relevance for the effectiveness of victim protection orders. The findings of this study are analyzed in terms of other research about the effectiveness of victim protection orders.     

A Comparison of Civil and Criminal Orders of Protection as Remedies for Domestic Violence Victims in a Midwestern County

Past research has identified many potential advantages of civil protection orders as a means of addressing domestic violence without invoking an official response of the criminal justice system. Using data from a Midwestern county, this exploratory study provides a comparison of civil protection orders with orders of protection that are filed in conjunction with a criminal battering arrest. We examine the demographic characteristics of the respondents/defendants and petitioners/victims, the nature of the abuse leading up to the filing of the protection order, the reasons for filing, the terms of the order, location of the offense, and violations of orders. Our findings reveal many similarities between types of orders, in terms of order stipulations, past abuse histories of petitioners/victims, and respondents/defendants’ likelihood of reoffending. The findings also reveal an important difference in the petitioners’ and victims’ reasons for filing; whereas petitioners in civil cases were more likely to identify emotional abuse as the factor leading up to issuance of the order, victims in criminal cases were more likely to document physical abuse. We discuss these findings in the context of victim preference.     

Temporary Restraining Orders in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Examination of Perpetrator and Victim Views

In 2009, the Netherlands introduced a 10-day temporary restraining order (TRO) intended for adult perpetrators of domestic violence to defuse dangerous situations and to reduce recidivism by combining a legal action with social services. For this study, 18 victims and 10 perpetrators were interviewed about their experiences with the TRO, related professional help, and the influence the TRO had had on their lives. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and subsequently qualitatively analyzed. Most of the victims were positive about the TRO period. Perpetrators were less positive. The vast majority of respondents accepted help during the TRO and were positive about the professionals’ attitudes, but not necessarily about the type of help. Most respondents reported an increase in their wellbeing, new insights, and no or less serious re-assaults by the perpetrator. The results suggest that, in the short term, TROs have a mainly positive effect on both victims and perpetrators.     

中国民法法典化与生态保护

民法典的制定是中国法制进程中的奠基性事业。文章论述了绿色主义应当成为中国民法法典化的重要理论基础之一,民事主体的变革———将未来世代人视为民事主体的必要性与可能性,关于动物在民法典中的地位问题,民事权利的扩张———独立的环境民事权利的引入,物权法的变革,侵权制度的变革等内容。     

公务员角色定位的困境分析及对策思考

对公务员角色的定位历来是公共行政学探讨的重要问题。传统的行政学及其继承者——新公共行政和新公共服务把公务员定位为"公共人";公共选择学派则将公务员定位为"经济人"。但各种研究范式的分离与竞争始终没有摆脱以技术理性为基础的"人性假设"和实证研究范式的限制。公务员角色在现实中发生错位,其背后所反映的是管理主义运动兴起过程中公共行政陷入的身份危机。社会建构主义重视社会群体互动和协商的结果,把公务员作为一个群体来看待,而不是将其作为抽象的个体加以定位。因此,通过自由式民主和协商民主的手段,形成一种自我认同、相互信任的组织文化,或许是走出公务员角色定位困境的新路径。     

胎儿利益的民法保护

对胎儿利益的保护不是胎儿有无权利能力的问题,而是胎儿能否就其出生前的侵害请求损害赔偿的问题。对胎儿利益保护应注意下列问题:侵权行为的多样性、间接性,父母能否成为侵权主体?父母对损害发生有过错,能否适用过失相抵原则?父母阻却违法的允诺,是否对受害人有效等。     

刑事附带民事诉讼制度与民事权利保护

在我国的诉讼立法和实践中，处理民事诉讼程序和刑事诉讼程序之间的适用关系时，采纳的是附带诉讼的原则，其基本的理念是公益优先。但在市场经济体制中注重私权保护的背景下，追诉犯罪与权利保护应被置于同等重要的位置，“刑优于民＂的解纷格局因利益的变迁而受到冲击．在刑事附带民事诉讼中应当加强对民事权利的保护，为此，有必要强调刑事附带民事诉讼中的民事诉讼的独立地位。     

器官移植中供体的民事法律保护

在器官移植中,与受体相比,被移植器官的提供者(供体)更应该受到法律的保护。从民事法律上对供体应从以下四个方面加以保护,即供体的知情同意权、健康获得保障的权利、对活体器官供体的限制、获得补偿的权利等。     

民事裁判中的人权保障

人权具有普世价值,其不仅存在于政治国家,对市民社会同样具有统帅作用。廓清人权与民事权利的关系是实现民事裁判中人权保障的前提。纯粹国家取向的人权、国家私人二元取向的人权与民事权利的关系决定了这两种人权不存在在民事裁判中的适用问题,可拓展性国家取向的人权则可以通过间接介入的方式在民事裁判中发挥作用。其作用主要体现在:在民事裁判中作为评价民事行为的界限、认定民事责任的界限(包括构成阻却违法性的考量要件、构成认定主观过错的考量要件)、法律适用中解释与价值填补的功能发挥。     

检察院在民商事诉讼中的角色

检察院对民商事诉讼的干预程度与其提起诉讼或参加诉讼所追求的目标紧密相关。检察院是公共秩序的守护者、弱势群体的保护者,是法律和整体利益的律师,而不是私人当事人的代理人。     

《国家公务员暂行条例》适用之新现象评析

在政府部门的实际工作中,出现了“干部打工”、“带薪辞职”、“政府雇员”以及“考选市长”等现象,这些现象都与我国现行的国家公务员制度主要是《国家公务员暂行条例》有着密切的关系。本文通过对这些新现象的分析,揭示了《国家公务员暂行条例》实施过程中的相关问题,并指出解决这些问题的途径是要处理好几个关系:党与法的关系、改革与法的关系以及新法与旧法的关系。     

植物新品种临时保护请求权性质与规范构造

植物新品种临时保护请求权旨在保护育种者自提出或公告品种权申请至授权期间的利益,其性质应属不当得利返还请求权。该请求权的主体为品种权人及利害关系人,其行使应满足时间、行为、实际通知等条件。临时保护请求权的效力范围为请求行为人支付适当使用费,该使用费应以许可费为基础,酌情考虑个案因素加以确定。我国植物新品种临时保护请求权存在权利性质含糊、主体范围狭窄、行使条件不具体及效力范围不明确等问题,应结合UPOV1991文本、其他国家和地区的相关规定及我国司法实践加以完善,以提高我国植物新品种保护水平。     

基因隐私权的民法保护

以传统隐私权保护为基点的现行立法与司法,无法完成现代隐私权,特别是个人信息隐私权所强调和要求的保护架构.在权利配置上,无法实现对传统隐私权按照个人信息处理程序的不同阶段进行权利增设与重置.在保护机制上,无法通过司法能动主义建立个人信息隐私权,特别是基因隐私权所要求的公共监督框架.因此,在后基因组时代,应当坚持以个人信息法作为个人信息(包括基因信息)保护的基本制度框架,在个人信息法的范围内,对作为高度敏感个人信息的基因信息予以特别处理.     

个人信息的民法定位及保护模式

个人信息的民法保护在个人信息法律保护体系中具有基础性地位。在民法上如何选择个人信息的保护模式,取决于人们如何认识、评价个人信息的本质属性及其在民法上的定位。个人信息同时具有个人属性和公共属性,单纯地强调某一属性均无法凸显个人信息的本质特征,故而在立法上应适当舒缓个人信息保护及利用之间的张力。不仅如此,个人信息的内涵模糊、外延宽泛,难以达到权利客体所应具有的具体特定且界限分明的品质要求,故而不宜在模糊、笼统的个人信息之上设定一项具有绝对性和排他性的“个人信息权”。否则,不仅无法为行为人划定清晰的行为禁区,而且在适用上难免与已有的人格权体系发生冲突、抵牾,可谓得不偿失。衡诸民法原理和社会现实,应当采用行为规制模式为个人信息主体提供必要的、适度的民法保护。     

Evaluating the Efficacy of Protection Orders for Victims of Domestic Violence

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to gauge the efficacy of protection orders for victims of domestic violence. The theoretical basis for this analysis is Johnson's (1995) theory that there exist two distinct forms of domestic violence: “common couple violence,” which consists of low-grade, mild abuse that is equally perpetrated by both men and women, and “patriarchal terrorism,” which involves severe mental and physical abuse that is used primarily by men to control their female partners. Based on Johnson's theory, it is hypothesized that protection orders will be less effective for women who experience patriarchal terrorism than for women who experience common couple violence. The results of this analysis indicate that the primary independent variable, that is, whether a woman experiences common couple violence or patriarchal terrorism, is not a good predictor of protection order violation. However, several secondary independent variables were found to be significant, including victim's race and employment status, as well as the couple's living arrangements at the time of the protection order.