Mitochondrial DNA typing--a new level for solving identification problems in forensic medical expert identification of unidentified remains of victims of terrorist acts in Moscow and the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic

Two large-scale episodes described in this paper reflect the first in Russia use of molecular genetic matrilinear markers (analysis of polymorphism of sequences of amplified fragments of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable locuses) in solution of a complex identification problem: forensic medical identification of unidentified fragments of victims of explosions of houses in Moscow in September, 1999, and of soldiers dead in the war conflict in the Chechen Republic in 1994-1996. The results of this work and methodological experience gained in it essentially extend the potentialities of expert studies as regards forensic medical identification of victims of large scale disasters, terroristic acts, and war conflicts.     

The experience of using the FTA-carriers for blood sample storage while conducting the molecular-genetic identification of unidentified killed persons--victims of military actions in the territory of the Chechen Republic

The activity of adapting and introducing the FTA-carriers for the storage of blood samples of relatives of missing service men for the purpose of using them in the consequent identification measures in respect to non-identified killed persons has been conducted in the Russian Federation within the framework of identification of service men killed in the Chechen territory during the 1994-1996 armed conflict. The article generalizes the experience of practical usage of FTA-cards as an element in the technological sequence of the molecular-genetic identification expertise. Methods related with application of FTA-technologies were tested; the efficiency of polymerized chain reaction was evaluated by using the matrix of immobilized DNA for hypo variable segments HVS-1 and HVS-2 as well as for the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA and for chromosomal STR-locuses D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317 and D7S820.     

The International Conference on the Cessation of War and the Establishment of Peace in the Chechen Republic

On March 11, 1971, a scientist from Leningrad, Leonid Samsonovich Saliamon, defended his doctoral dissertation at the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology in Moscow.     

论构建和谐社会公民的法律意识

在发展社会主义市场经济的新时期,党中央及时提出树立科学发展观,构建社会主义和谐社会。和谐社会的标志应该是民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处的社会。提高公民的法律意识对构建和谐社会具有重要意义。法律意识是人们关于法律的思想、观念、知识、心理的总称,包括对法律的本质、作用的看法,对现行法律的要求、态度和评价、解释、对人们行为法律评价、法治观念等等。法律意识通过立法、执法、守法完善法律的内容,使传统社会的法变成和谐社会的法,法通过调整不同个体、群体、地区之间的权利义务关系,建立相对和谐的人际、群际、地区关系,形成相对和谐社会关系。     

Studies of dentition abnormalities in children of the Republic of Armenia for the purpose of personality identification

This paper reports the results of investigations carried out to elucidate the frequency and the structure of various forms of abnormalities of dentition among the children of the preschool and school age in the Republic of Armenia. These data may be of help for the forensic medical personality identification especially for the expertise of unrecognized corpses. Moreover, these data provide an indirect picture of the prevalence of abnormalities of dentition among the adult population of the country. Specifically they may sometimes be used to identify the ethnic and/or racial background of a person.     

Use of computer software for indirect molecular genetic identification of unidentified bodies

The authors discuss the development and use of computer software for realization of indirect DNA identification, based on identification of biological relation. Estimated algorithms of this method are based on regularities of parental signs inheritance by children and consist in comparative analysis of allele states of nuclear DNA typed locuses in unidentified bodies and probable parents of these dead subjects and subsequent estimation of the coefficients of the likelihood of hypotheses of their probable blood relationship. Available software maintain the database with identification characteristics of VNTR and STR locuses, HLA DQA1 locuses, and PM system (potential set of 23 locuses). The results of identification are presented as lists of exclusions and tables with estimated likelihood coefficients for the probability expert evaluation of relationship. The suggested computer-aided method of indirect identification is a new highly effective tool for personality identification by chromosome markers under conditions of mass information processing in examinations of unidentified corpses.     

Scanning electron microscopy as an auxiliary method in the study of exhumed bones

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used in forensic science in many ways. The reports of cases in which SEM has been used as an auxiliary method in the investigation of exhumed bones are rare. In this article, we report an exhumation that was made to determine if a seized weapon could have been used in a homicide. We used SEM to analyze a fracture in the interior of the skull of the victim. The findings described in this article showed us that it is possible to develop new researches in this field.     

医疗纠纷中尸体检验鉴定质量控制体系的初步设想

在涉及死亡的医疗纠纷中，患者的尸体检验鉴定质量是医疗纠纷处理的关键环节之一。高质量的尸体检验鉴定，是公正、客观、科学地处理医疗纠纷的前提和科学的依据。但是，目前我国缺乏一个涉及医疗纠纷的尸检鉴定质量管理控制体系，从而无法保证每一例涉及医疗纠纷的尸体检验鉴定的质量。     

医疗纠纷中尸体检验鉴定质量控制体系的初步设想

自从《医疗事故处理条例》实施以来 ,无论是医疗纠纷的行政处理、行政机关参与下的调解还是到人民法院进行诉讼 ,来自社会、律师和法官对医疗事故技术鉴定结论的种种质疑就没有停止过 ,尤其是最高人民法院颁布《人民法院参照〈医疗事故处理条例〉处理医疗侵权损害赔偿案件的通知》以来 ,这个问题更是成为事件处理各方争议的焦点。本期我们组织了一部分有关医疗事故技术鉴定的文章 ,设立“医疗事故鉴定专题” ,对该问题进行专门讨论。我们希望在今后一段时间内仍将讨论这一问题。     

以台北世贸展览场为例探讨避难标示设置概念

1 缘起与目的 台湾在展览资源的大量需求下，为能收容更多的人数，建筑物已朝向大面积、大规模且大跨距发展，使用机能亦趋复合化，尤其各类供公众使用之特殊用途建筑物如：展览场、大型卖场等等，为确保其内部使用人员生命之安全，避难标示之设置尤为重要，又各类型展览因其配置与平面分割规划需求的差异，其内部所配置的避难标示亦会产生不同的辨识状况，所以在规划不同的大型展览之际，须对避难标示之使用配置进行个案评估与检测，进而才能有效的达到避难标示设置的根本立义。     

试论在污染环境犯罪中设立举证责任倒置的原则

污染环境的犯罪存在不同于传统刑事犯罪的特殊性和复杂性,造成实践中惩治这类犯罪在举证责任上的困难,因此提出应在污染环境的犯罪问题中设立举证责任倒置的原则,从而才能充分发挥刑罚的威慑力。同时本文还提出了,在设立举证责任倒置原则中应注意的几点问题。     

加快发展我国法医学虚拟解剖鉴定技术

虚拟解剖技术具有无创、非接触和可以发现潜在病变等特点,在法医病理学、法医临床学等领域具有广阔的运用前景.本文回顾了虚拟解剖发展简史,对虚拟解剖在法医学各领域的运用情况进行介绍,总结了我国当前虚拟解剖运用的情况,并提出了加强规划、制定标准、加强协助和科研推广等建议.     

论道路交通事故认定行为的救济途径

目前,当事人对道路交通事故认定行为不服既不能申请行政复议、也不能提起行政诉讼,只能向上一级公安机关交通管理部门申请复核;这一行为实际上成了公安机关最终决定的行政行为,缺乏应有的法律监督,不符合依法治国的理念.事实上,道路交通事故认定是公安机关履行处理交通事故的职责行为,其法律性质是具体行政行为中的行政确认;应当完善对这一行为的法律救济制度,允许当事人申请行政复议、提起行政诉讼.     

民间文学艺术作品保护的路径探索

在我国现行立法中,对于民间文学艺术作品采取的是著作权法体系下的特殊条例保护方式,但基于各种原因,无论是在学界还是在司法实践中,这种保护方式都没有充分发挥效用。通过对民间文学艺术作品自身性质的分析,指出其与著作权法通常所保护作品的不同之处,并在此基础上,探索现有著作权保护机制之外的其他路径,以期达到既能够继承和保留各民族文学艺术遗产,保护传统文化的传承,又能促进整个社会文化繁荣发展的目的。     

Strategy for State Ethnic Policy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2025

The document describes the strategy of the Russian government for working with its minority and majority ethnic groups.     

民间规则中的舅权--以我国少数民族为中心

产生于母系氏族社会的舅权曾经是社会权力结构中的重要组成部分,在氏族中舅舅对外甥享有绝对的权力,包括社会规则、生产技能、生活知识等各个方面,舅权对氏族中男性公民的塑造具有不可替代的作用。在母系氏族社会向父系氏族社会转化的过程中,舅权起到了桥梁的作用。当以男性为中心的社会结构最终建立起来的时候,舅权变得日益弱化了,但并没有马上消亡,而是与父权一道在维持社会的平衡当中发挥着作用。通过对我国少数民族当中普遍存在的舅权现象进行分析,阐述舅权在民间规则当中的多种体现、舅权产生并存在的原因、舅权的特点等。     

The effect of line‐up administrator blindness on the recording of eyewitness identification decisions

Purpose. Line‐up administrators’ expectations have been shown to influence eyewitnesses’ identification decisions. Expectations may also influence administrators’ willingness to record witnesses’ decisions as positive identifications. Methods. Single‐ and double‐blind participant administrators presented a line‐up to a confederate witness, who identified either the suspect or a filler. Results. A hierarchical log‐linear analysis revealed an interaction effect of blindness and witness choice on participants’ recording of the identification: Single‐blind administrators were more likely to record the confederate's choice as a positive identification when the witness chose the suspect (vs. a filler), whereas double‐blind administrators’ records were not influenced by the witness's choice. An interaction between blindness and witness choice also emerged for participant administrators’ witness evaluations. Single‐blind administrators rated confederates who chose a filler as significantly less credible than those who chose a suspect; double‐blind administrators’ ratings were consistent across photo selection. Conclusions. Blindness influenced line‐up administrators’ record of line‐up outcomes. These results add to the growing body of research supporting the use of double‐blind line‐up administration.     

司法裁判中的意义分歧及其消解路径

事实与规范虽是法律讼争的消解基础,但事实往往需要建构,而规范则赖以阐释方能完成。在这方面,法律纠纷诚如特定场域中的意义纷争。为了洞悉意义的生成与阐释的分歧,本文通过对意义阐释模式的理论探究、意义阐释分歧的实践分析,探索了意义阐释脉络的演变历程,诠释了意义阐释分歧的类型与原因,最终在实然层面形成了消解意义分歧的方法与路径。