An androgynous observer in the eighteenth century press: la spectatrice1728-29

Abstract

The interest of the English Spectator and its followers in women's education and in the formulation and propagation of the Western ideology of femininity is widely acknowledged. Nevertheless, the genre also engendered experiments with alternative views about women.La Spectatriceis an example of a periodical which resisted the very ideals codified by the genre it followed. This article attempts to fill a gap in the study of the spectatorial press, by analysing the tone and the content of this putative female spectator, and by stressing the innovative contributions of this French periodical to the spectator genre.     

Work and leisure relationships: An exploration of life possibilities during adolescence

This study explored the relationship between leisure preferences and work/occupational aspiration for adolescents in Singapore and Australia. Three hypothesized relationships between the domains of spillover, compensation, and segmentation were investigated. Except for females in the Australian sample, it appeared that adolescents saw leisure preferences and occupational aspirations as two independent spheres of their personal futures, supporting the segmentation hypothesis.Received Ph.D. from La Trobe. Research interests include adolescence and youth.Received Ph.D. from University of Sydney. Research interests include longitudinal data analysis.     

Residential setting and parent-adolescent relationships during the college years

The relationship of residential setting (living with parents vs. living away from home while attending college) and gender with late adolescents' perceptions of their relationships with parents was examined. Four hundred four undergraduates students (mean age=20 years, 4 months) from two midwestern universities completed surveys. Two hundred four subjects lived with their parents and commuted to school, and 200 lived away at college. Controlling for student's age, parents' education, and financial and family considerations as factors in the choice of a college, living away was associated with greater independence, support, and mutual respect between parents and adolescents. In contrast, students who lived at home felt parents underestimated their maturity, and reported more conflict and avoidance in their relationships with parents. Regardless of residential setting, women reported more mutuality and support in their relationships with parents than men. The results suggest the importance of considering contextual issues during the transition to adulthood.This research was supported by a Campus Grant to the first author from the University of Michigan-Dearborn.Received Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of Michigan. Research interests include family relationships, cross-cultural studies, and political development in adolescence and young adulthood.Received Ph.D. in human development and family studies from Penn State University. Research interests include competence during the transition to young adulthood, career development, drug and alcohol use.Research interests include adolescents' relationships with parents and peers and cross-cultural studies.     

The Role of Gender in Adolescent Identity and Intimacy Decisions

This study explored the relative importance of identity and intimacy in male and female adolescent decisions. One hundred twenty adolescents responded to 16 identity/intimacy dilemmas. Females had higher identity (and lower intimacy) scores than males. Identity scores were higher in scenarios with female protagonists. A content analysis of decision explanations showed females gave more explanations than males with identity and intimacy fused. Implications for theories of psychosocial development are discussed.     

Great expectations: Constructions of the life course during adolescence

Despite numerous demographic analyses of the sequencing of life events during the transition to adulthood (Kett, 1977; Modell et al., 1976), little is known of the psychological expectancies that adolescents bring to this and other aspects of the life course experience. This research was conducted to determine whether the futures anticipated by high school and college students correspond to the demographic trends previously observed for comparable age groups (i.e., projected vs. actual age at marriage). The findings indicate that, with increasing age, adolescents acquire a shared life course perspective that is at once richer and more differentiated than that implied by previous demographic investigations. This shared life course perspective was manifest in two ways: (1) increased agreement or concordance in the types of future events anticipated, and (2) increased variability in the ages at which future events were expected to occur. These findings underscore the need to complement demographic analyses of the life course with psychological investigations of the expectancies that adolescents bring to the adulthood transition.Received Ph.D. from Boston University in Developmental Psychology. Research interests: contextual approaches to self-concept, cognition, adolescence.This work was completed while the author was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Stanford, CA. The author gratefully acknowledges financial support provided by the National Council for Research and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.     

The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence

The nature and quality of adolescents' attachments to peers and parents were assessed with the newly developed Inventory of Adolescent Attachments. The relative influence on measures of self-esteem and life satisfaction of relations with peers and with parents was then investigated in a hierarchical regression model. The sample consisted of 213 adolescents ranging from 12 to 19 years of age. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) The quality of perceived attachments both to parents and peers would be related to well-being, and (2) the quality of parental relationships would be a more powerful predictor of well-being than would the quality of peer relationships. Confirming the study's hypotheses, the perceived quality of the adolescents' relationships to both peers and parents, their frequency of utilization of peers, and their degree of negative life change were significantly related to both measures of well-being. The quality of attachment to parents was significantly more powerful than that to peers in predicting well-being. In addition, quality of attachment to parents showed a moderating effect under conditions of high life stress on the measures of self-esteem. The study suggests that it is useful to consider the quality of attachments to significant others as an important variable throughout the life span.     

Marcia and erikson: The relationships among ego identity status,neuroticism, dogmatism,and purpose in life

Implicit in James Marcia's writings and in the many studies that have employed his measure of ego identity is the assumption that his four ego identity statuses are developmentally ordered along a continuum from “being identity diffused” to “achieving” an ego identity. In order to assess the validity of this assumption, hypotheses were generated and tested concerning the relationship between the above ordering and Erikson's writings regarding the role played in the process of identity formation by the following three variables: neuroticism, dogmatism, and a sense of purpose in life. If one assumes that Erikson's perspective is valid, then the results of this study fail to support Marcia's continuum assumption. While some of the identity statuses appear to classify persons in a manner consistent with Erikson's writings, not one instance of the postulated ordering of Marcia's four statuses is observed. It is concluded that Marcia's measure is not an adequate operationalization of Erikson's perspective on identity formation.     

Predicting Use and Maintenance of Use of Substances in Scottish Adolescents

It was aimed firstly to investigate prevalence rates and consumption patterns of smoking, alcohol use, and drug use in a sample of Scottish adolescents, and secondly to study the role of demographic (grade, gender, parental socioeconomic and educational status), school (Quality of School Life (Q.S.L.), school stress), nonschool (well-being) and personality (affectivity, self-esteem, locus of control) factors in predicting use and maintenance of use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. For the purposes of the study, a set of measures was distributed to secondary school pupils (n = 425), in the Stirling area of Scotland. Differences and predictive values of these factors were investigated for users versus nonusers and regular versus occasional users for smoking, alcohol, and drugs separately. It was found that having tried smoking or alcohol could be predicted at best from school stress but having tried drugs from peer self-esteem. Maintenance of smoking was predicted at best from Q.S.L. and of drinking from peer self-esteem. None of the factors studied in the present research were found to predict significantly maintenance of drug use. Implications of these findings for decreasing prevalence of substance use are discussed.     

Woman,medicine and abortion in the nineteenth century

The author would like to thank Moira Wright, Sally Sheldon and Ian Dorrington for comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this paper.     

Reciprocal relationships between symptoms of depression and parental support during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood

This study applies latent growth curve analysis to data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 10,828) and finds that symptoms of depression and social support interact with one another in a dynamic fashion across the transition from adolescence (mean age at Wave 1 = 15.28 years) to young adulthood (mean age at Wave 3 = 21.65 years). Parental support during adolescence is inversely associated with initial symptoms of depression for girls and boys, although adolescent girls with low levels of parental support begin the study period with significantly higher levels of depressive symptomatology than their male counterparts. In addition, adolescents who begin the study period with higher levels of depressive symptomatology report less parental support during young adulthood. Finally, regardless of their initial level of depressive symptoms, girls and boys who experience increased symptoms of depression over time also report lower levels of parental support at the end of the study period.

Effects of marital conflict and family structure on the self-concepts of pre- and early adolescents

This study explored the effects of marital conflict and family structure on the self-concepts of youth aged 8–12. Subjects were 16 mother-youth pairs from intact parent families (IP) and 17 mother-youth pairs from separated parent families (SP). Results revealed youth in families with low marital hostility and high marital affection had significantly more positive self-concepts. Analyses suggested differences between IP and SP groups may best be explained by differences in marital hostility. The authors discuss the effects of marital discord on parenting within an ecosystems perspective.This study received partial support from the Indiana University School of Nursing Alumni Association and Sigma Theta Tau, Alpha Chapter.Research interests: children's social networks, marital structure, and parenting.Research interests: chronic illness in children.     

浅谈新世纪图书馆管理的发展方向

2 1世纪对图书馆的管理工作提出了新的要求。建立适合中国国情的图书馆管理体系 ,形成权责利相统一 ,办事高效、运行协调、科学的监督约束机制 ;调整图书馆的资源建设方式 ;优化人才结构 ,提高图书馆员素质 ,是图书馆管理今后发展的趋势     

论21世纪职业技术教育的发展趋势

随着我国社会主义经济体制的逐步建立和不断完善 ,2 1世纪的我国职业技术教育将呈现新的发展趋势 :办学导向市场化、办学主体多元化、办学单位实体化、办学规模扩大化、办学管理科学化、办学手段现代化、办学行为规范化、办学体系立体化。