俄罗斯的能源外交与中俄能源合作

俄罗斯是世界能源资源大国,也是能源生产和出口大国.俄罗斯能源外交对于全面振兴俄罗斯经济、提高俄罗斯在国际政治经济舞台上的地位具有十分重要的作用.深刻剖析俄罗斯的能源外交,有利于我们准确把握中俄能源合作的前景.     

俄罗斯能源对国际能源格局的影响

当今世界,俄罗斯是石油天然气储量、生产、出口和过境的能源大国,自普京担任总统后,俄罗斯就把能源出口作为一项重要的国家发展战略,俄石油即开始大量进入国际能源市场,对国际能源格局产生了一定影响。所谓国际能源格局,就是指在国际舞台上能够起主导作用     

美国能源战略与对非能源外交

汉斯·摩根索曾说过,石油作为一种不可取代的原料的出现,引起了主要政治大国相对权力的变化。谁能够将它加到自己原有的原材料资源上,谁就大大增加了自己的资源,并以相应比例剥夺了对手的资源。自20世纪50年代中期美国石油工业蓬勃发展以来,其能源战略历经了不同时期的转变,从最初的保守主义到如今的多元化发展,能源安全始终是美国国家战略的重中之重。     

印度的能源外交

近年来,印度经济一直保持高速发展,其公布的经济数据显示,2004年它的增长率高达8.2%,与中国一起被称为亚洲经济的"双引擎".然而,同中国一样,经济高增长的背后是惊人的能源消耗.目前印度的石油日均消耗量达200多万桶,是亚洲地区仅次于中国、日本的第三大石油消费国.能源消耗量的增大和世界石油价格的不稳定,使得印度意识到需要在更大范围内进行能源外交.     

Energy Efficiency as a New Paradigm of the European External Energy Policy: The Case of the EU–Russian Energy Dialogue

Energy efficiency has long since been a pillar of the European internal energy policy. It now takes on increasing importance in European external energy relations. It is, for instance, key to the EU–Russian Energy Dialogue. I analyse how energy efficiency has been institutionalised in EU external energy relations, in particular towards Russia. I examine whether energy efficiency can be seen as a new paradigm for understanding external energy relations. Based on this conceptual delimitation, I describe and assess the regulatory mechanisms proposed by the EU to implement this approach in practice.     

能源角逐中的达尔富尔

自去年下半年以来,随着联合国安理会相继出台多项有关解决苏丹达尔富尔问题的决议,昔日名不见经传的苏丹达尔富尔地区一时名声远播.一些国家和国际、地区组织为操纵该问题的主导权而使尽浑身解数,或派员造访该地,或提出解决问题的倡议,或承担作为召开解决问题会议的东道主,使达尔富尔问题成为世界关注的焦点之一.     

上海合作组织框架内的能源合作

上海合作组织框架内的能源合作始于2003年。当时，国际恐怖主义成胁，一些能源生产国政局不稳，全球能源供应面临可能灾害，对亚太地区亦构成挑战。能源是上合组织框架内经济合作的重要内容。近年来，该组织国家间的能源合作取得一些进展。可是，由于国情及其在国际市场上的利益不同，合作尚存在能源发展战略的差异，相互信任和理解不够，以及中亚能源资源面临大国竞争等问题。为此，本文提出了几点思考。     

Sino-Japanese Energy Relations: Processes and Constraints

Abstract

Economic growth and a resultant rise in energy demand in China and other East Asian countries have attracted academic interests in energy security and energy cooperation. This article examines the nuanced development of institutions to realise Sino-Japanese energy cooperation at the bilateral and regional levels. It highlights the objective and process of cooperative engagements in terms of relative gain concern and the involvement of non-state actors. The arguments that this article advances are three-fold. First, the Japanese government has pushed forwards multilateral energy cooperation in East Asia and bilateral cooperation for energy conservation with China, which would produce both economic and political gains. Second, the Chinese government has adopted a cautious approach to Japan's energy engagements largely because it took into account the relative political gains of committing to such engagements in addition to the economic gains produced by them. Third, the involvement of non-state actors in cooperative projects and their meaningful roles in forging cross-border linkages could play a catalytic role in advancing cooperative processes.     

Between Amity,Enmity and Europeanisation: EU Energy Security Policy and the Example of Bulgaria's Russian Energy Dependence

Considering the development of the Bulgarian energy security strategy this article analyses how the country has adapted to EU membership and to energy security challenges, such as disruptions to Russian gas supplies in 2006 and 2009 and rising gas prices. Utilising a conceptual lens which synthesises Regional Security Complex Theory and Europeanisation, the article offers an explanation of energy policy changes. It concludes that conceptions of Russia as an energy security guarantor have changed since Bulgaria's EU accession and that Bulgarian energy policy has undergone a qualified reorientation away from a positive dependence on Russian energy sources, towards a convergence with EU priorities of diversification and a single energy market.     

Russian Energy Policy and Structural Power in Europe

This article discusses and critically evaluates the impact of the Russian gas strategy through the theoretical lens of power. I delineate different kinds of power and discuss within which forms of power the Russian gas strategy analytically falls. In doing so, I move away from simplistic understandings of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power in energy politics and focus on the discussion of structural power, exploring agenda-setting functions, the rules of the game, regulatory issues, economic parameters, and the impact of globalising markets. I conclude that these factors have suppressed Russian structural power and the success of Russian energy policy in Europe.     

Policy Network Creation: The Case of Energy Efficiency

What can broadly be described as a policy community has been established with the central purpose of co-ordinating policy implementation in the field of energy efficiency in domestic buildings. A complete understanding of the processes of policy network formation cannot be achieved in this case without a thorough analysis of the construction of cognitive structures which influence the behaviour of actors and underpin the policy network. Discourse analysis is an effective means of studying cognitive structures. An understanding of the creative and unpredictable role of agents such as ministers is also important, suggesting that the study of policy network formation can be enlightened by a historical institutionalist approach that involves a role for agency as well as structural influences. The formation of the energy efficiency policy network is studied in the context of a critique of an earlier 'economic' institutionalist case study of policy network formation.