我国司法制度改革的理想与现实

司法独立是一项具有"公理"性质的内容.在我国,法院制度的"泛行政化"已引起了广泛的关注,并提出了各种有意义的改革建议.然而我们不可以回避自身的传统和现实,我们从来都不具备西方经典司法独立模式的"土壤".因此在借鉴人类政治文明的成果的同时,寻找一条切合我国国情的、务实的渐进改革思路,是我国司法制度改革的既理想又可行的改革路径.现阶段的司法制度改革应首先将法院的审判职能与行政职能分开,淡化行政在审判中的色彩,并在现有审判人员制度改革的基础上逐渐过渡到相对理想的法官独立制度.     

实现司法公正的几个基本问题

当代中国实现司法公正只能以司法系统为改革的突破口 ;以国家权力为主要推动力 ,逐步实现国家推动向社会自觉过渡 ;从法官队伍精英化、公正观念社会化和司法制度理性化入手 ,为实现司法公正创造条件。     

关于基层法院人力资源开发与管理的现实思考———从法院人才招录制度与人力资本成本收益谈起简

吸引并留住高层次专业人才是各级法院人才队伍建设的重点.当前我国法院的人才招录制度面临诸多困境.要提高法院人力资本投资收益,法院务必科学规划,完善人才招录与流动制度,提高人力资本投资收益的有效性,强化法院人力资源管理制度建设和机关文化建设,完善司法管理机制,并在建构科学规范的司法管理体制方面完善司法权力的运行机制和保障机制.     

新冠肺炎疫情下司法精神医学鉴定的应对

新冠肺炎疫情已被公认为全球性重大挑战。已经、正在,同时仍将对人类社会的诸多方面产生深远的影响。新冠肺炎疫情下司法精神医学鉴定面临诸多挑战,通过梳理疫情下已实施的有关司法鉴定方面的做法、经验,分析涉疫情主要犯罪类型,开展司法精神医学远程鉴定具有必要性和可行性。但应关注其局限性,实施之前应制定相应的操作规范。     

法院监察目标之设定及其实现机理

与行政监察不同,法院监察应该确立三个独特的目标,包括保障诉权实现、促进司法独立以及落实司法责任制等。中国关于法院监察的立法层次偏低,全国人大应在合适时机制定统一的《监察法》,并对法院监察作出相应规定。在此之前,法院监察可以通过适当植入异体监督因素的方式来抑制同体监督的不利影响,提高监察行为的实效性。法院行政管理者集监察与法官惩戒权限于一身的制度安排有害于司法独立。省级以下法院人财物统一管理改革为实现法院监察与法官惩戒权限的彻底分离提供了契机。法官惩戒权可以统一由国家和省级法官惩戒委员会行使,由此必须在制度上重塑法院监察与法官惩戒之间的关系。     

From Centre Stage to Spear Carrier: The Repositioning of the English Juvenile Court

The approach of the new millennium poses significant challenges for the way in which the youth justice system in general, and the juvenile (now youth) court in particular, develops in the future. The past one hundred years of the juvenile court in England and Wales have seen its role both flow and ebb. It currently faces further significant repositioning. The author distinguishes four themes which have influenced the marginalisation of the juvenile court: bifurcation, diversion, manageralism and legislation of the court.     

Potential Impact of Research on Adolescent Development on Juvenile Judge Decision‐making

This paper discusses how biological and psychological literature on the developmental differences between juveniles and adults may affect juvenile judges in their “dual role” as retributive and rehabilitative decision‐makers in juvenile cases, specifically focusing on sentencing. Particularly, it discusses potential influences of this research on adolescent development regarding four factors known to be integral in juvenile judge decision‐making: legal factors, characteristics of juvenile offenders, and individual structural and social contexts in which judges’ decisions are made. To conclude, implications and recommendations stemming from this discussion are considered.     

Juvenile Courts after 100 Years: Past and Present Orientations

Juvenile institutions were developed in the nineteenth century. In the United States, they prompted an extension of the parens patriae doctrine, which provided a basis for the creation of the juvenile court a century ago. The protective orientation of the court was intended both for juvenile delinquents and children in danger. Important changes have occurred since the 1960s. Procedural guarantees for delinquents and de-institutionalisation of children in danger have created a clear distinction between the two groups. Diversion has introduced an alternative to the court process. Policies aimed at young offenders have moved gradually in the direction of the adult criminal court model. The article presents an overview of this evolution, essentially for North America.     

论随机法庭的创建

司法公正是社会公正的保障,司法公正有赖司法独立,法官独立又是司法独立的核心。法官独立可以通过随机法庭的建立可得到现有体制下最大限度的实现。由当事人参与选择的随机法庭具有加强人权保障、节省诉讼成本、排除内外干扰、提高司法诚信度、增强审判权威等多种积极意义。     

“垂直领导”:法院体制改革的重大误区

本文认为 ,当前法院体制改革中 ,主张将人、财、物权划归最高人民法院统管 ,即在法院系统内部实行“垂直领导”的观点是值得商榷的。并从制度层面、理论观念和传统意识的角度 ,对这种观点的问题和形成原因进行了深入分析和论证     

论司法公正与我国法院体制改革

法院应当在社会关系中具有独立性和中立性,这是体现司法公正的前提和条件。对照联合国关于法院为司法公正的应当具有独立性的通常标准,可以查找出我国法院在体制方面存在一些不足,我国法院体制在实现司法公正方面应当进行改革。     

EXPANDING FORENSICALLY INFORMED EVALUATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS IN FAMILY COURT

As the field of forensic family law has become more empirical and in need of novel behavioral health services, it has become necessary to broaden the duties of practitioners, to clarify forensic roles, and to develop more comprehensive court orders. This article introduces the application of Forensically Informed Evaluations and Therapeutic Interventions in family court; a constellation of evaluations and interventions developed to better meet the needs of children and families during and after dissolution or reconstitution. These family court appointments also meet the growing demands of the court and contribute to the trend toward discriminative application of empirically informed behavioral health services in forensic family law.     

Optimal Pricing of Court Services

Litigants are generally charged for using court services. The charges involved are usually set to achieve a combination of efficiency, equity and funding goals. This paper presents a simple model, based on regulated monopoly pricing, to address the question of how these charges should be set. We find that fixed fees generally form part of the optimal charging package, despite concerns about their regressive nature. Per-unit fees will also be used though they may be set below cost; in this case, a trade-off emerges and the fixed fee is used to achieve funding goals. Our model is a useful one for developing extensions from the nonlinear pricing literature.JEL K40, L50     

能动与协同:社区法官制度的东莞模式

社区法官制度是人民法庭在辖区内的社区(村或居委会)设立法官工作室,指定法官驻点社区、就地化解纠纷的制度。社区法官解决的主要是民生纠纷、群体性纠纷和简单经济纠纷;社区法官主动处理非诉纠纷,法官与社区调解人协同解决诉讼纠纷。社区法官制度有利于提高纠纷解决效率、增强司法的的权威性和有效性。社区法官制度的发展进路是:建立社区法官助理"网格化"制度,以社区法官助理为平台整合基层解纷资源,完善联动机制,建立社区法官助理系统激励制度。     

我国行政司法监督的弊端与行政法院的建构

行政权在国家权力中是一种最庞大的权力,按照权力制约的原理,就要有与之相应的权力加以制约,为此,除了从立法上控制、程序上规范外,司法监督就是最不可缺少、最重要的制约手段。反观我国的行政司法监督,其弊端已影响到其监督功能的实现,为此,在整个司法体制改革的过程中,应积极借鉴大陆法系的行政司法模式,建立适合我国的行政法院,这不论是从传统上看,还是在现实状况上,都是必要的,也是可行的。     

The miscarriages of justice in late Qing Dynasty—analysis focused on the original trial judge Liu Xitong in the case of Yang Naiwu and Xiao Baicai

This article introduces the case of Yang Naiwu and Xiao Baicai, a famous case in late imperial China, and its important value for the study of legal history of the Qing Dynasty. Based on the analysis of this case, this article focuses on the issue of the responsibility of the magistrate Liu xitong, the judge of this case, who analyzed the mentation of his miscarriage under the pressure of the rules about judges responsibilities in their judgment through which reveal the stimulation and passive infection of the judgment of the judges. __________ Translated from the Jurist Review, 2005, (2) (in Chinese)