International Efforts Against Trafficking in Human Beings

Following the changing mentality, the efforts to find a common definition,concerning trafficking in human beings, focusing on the issue to harmonisethe national and international legal measures, legal instruments aiming atcombat-ing traffic in human beings, we are witnessing an important segmentof the process towards internationalisation and europeanization of criminallaw and criminal justice.     

论国际法上的人权保护

尊重和保护人权是各国应负的国际义务 ,各国均应采取必要的措施来保护人权。作者指出 ,保护人权与维护主权二者并不相悖 ,各国只有在平等、相互尊重主权的基础上 ,才能促进人权保护的发展。     

国际法的人文关怀

国际法从产生以来一直没有中断过其人文关怀,本文从国际法的起源、国际法的发展、近代国际法学的产生和国际法的内容四个方面来具体论述国际法所体现的人文关怀。格老秀斯将国际法从神学中解脱出来,以人文主义作为其法学基础,创立了国际法学。当今社会,人文主义已贯穿于现代世界政治、经济、文化的各个领域。在未来的道路上,国际法将继续以其人文关怀进一步完善国际人权立法,更全面、具体地保护世界人民的基本权利。     

论国际人权法对国际刑法的影响

冷战结束后,国际人权法获得了较为广阔的生长空间,国际刑法也进入复兴和快速发展的阶段。国际人权法对国际刑法各个领域的影响都十分明显,从基本原则到具体规则,从实体法到程序法,从刑罚制度设计到刑罚的执行,并努力在保护被害人与保障被告人权利两者之间保持微妙的平衡。然而,透过国际人权法推动国际刑法发展的帷幔,不难发现其背后＂人权＂和＂主权＂之间的紧张博弈：为保护人权,国际人权法引领着国际刑法试图突破国家领土的藩篱进而穿透国家主权的坚硬＂铠甲＂;国家则奋力祭起＂主权＂大旗并诉诸＂司法独立＂的坚固盾牌,抵御某些外部政治实体利用国际刑事司法机构干涉其内政、侵蚀其＂司法独立＂,以最大限度地维护国家利益。     

社会性别与国际人权法

社会性别在 2 0世纪 80年代成为联合国框架下的一个重要分析范畴。社会性别分析超越了以往仅仅关注妇女为一个孤立群体的做法 ,强调审视政策、法律和项目对男女产生的不同影响和作用。女权主义法学引入社会性别分析透视普遍国际人权标准 ,提出从社会性别视角重新概念化国际人权规范与标准的必要性 ,以使其能够真正反映男女两性的经历、利益和需要 ,最终有利于保障两性平等和妇女平等享有各项人权和基本自由。联合国层面 2 0世纪 90年代以来致力于将妇女人权纳入人权活动的主流表明 ,社会性别主流化在日益发挥重要影响和作用     

Trafficking in Human Beings: The EU Approach between Border Control, Law Enforcement and Human Rights

The fight against trafficking in human beings has been high on the political agenda of international organisations, regional organisations and states for more than a decade. The European Union (EU) and the international community continuously reaffirm their commitment to work jointly in countering the phenomenon. After years of arguing over a common definition and approach that culminated in the first international definition in 2000, it could be assumed that the international and European definitions solve the issue of how to define and counter trafficking in human beings. Still, the debate on how to understand and approach the problem has not ceased to exist. In particular, the dominant opposition between a rights-based and a law enforcement approach has not been dissolved by calls for holistic or multi-faceted approaches. The aim of this article is to identify the approach taken by the EU, looking out for conceptual (in-)consistencies, underlying assumptions and convictions. The rationale guiding EU action is extracted and questioned by disclosing silenced aspects and contrasting them to their reappearance in other legal instruments. It is argued that the humanitarian intentions of victim protection are overshadowed by general anti-immigration conveniences. The approach taken by the EU not only provokes the somewhat artificial opposition between innocent victim and guilty migrant, but it can easily fall prey to deeply entrenched gender and racial stereotypes.     

论国际人权法中的平等与不歧视

国际人权法对我国是越来越重要的领域 ,而几乎所有的国际人权文件都包含平等与不歧视的内容。平等与不歧视成为国际人权法的核心。本文着重论述和分析了主要的国际人权文件中有关平等与不歧视的规定 ,揭示了平等与不歧视既是一般原则又是一项独立的权利 ,从法律效力上讲 ,它已经具有了强行法的地位。国家在国际人权法下承担不歧视的积极义务。     

略论国际反恐怖法与人类的可持续发展

人类发展的不平衡,是造成国际恐怖主义的原因之一。由于国际恐怖主义的存在,人类陷入了一场持久而深重的灾难中。人类可持续发展的进程也因此受到阻碍。国际反恐怖法在制定和实施过程中应融入可持续发展的价值理念,确保人类生态及弱势方在国际反恐怖法中受到保护。     

The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Human Rights Law

Throughout a considerable part of its history, the InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has customarily refrainedfrom invoking international human rights law, for reason ofthis law's alleged politicisation. However, the changing characterof armed conflicts and other situations of violence where theICRC is currently operating have prompted it to set a frameworkfor making some limited use of selected and applicable humanrights, for the purpose of reinforcing the protection and assistanceit provides. This article examines how the ICRC may use humanrights in this way during armed conflicts, through the prismof international humanitarian law, as well as the conditionsfor their invocation in accordance with relevant ICRC doctrines.     

正确认识国际法中的人权问题

“人权”已经成为现代国际法的基本概念,对这一问题进行历史的、系统的考察实属必要。人的权利不是单独存在的,它是与物质条件、传统观念、政治传统联系在一起的,同时,个人权利的实现是有层次的,有阶段的。在国际人权问题上,各国的自主发展仍然是主流。     

Exploitation in Human Trafficking and Smuggling

This article explores the mechanisms that underpin human smuggling and trafficking. It argues for the continued analytical relevance of the distinction between “trafficking” and “smuggling”, as posited by the 2000 UN Protocols. While this distinction has come under sustained criticism from several authors over the last 15 years, it nonetheless continues to capture the essential features of two distinct phenomena (control over a human being vs. illegal entry into a country), and acknowledges the role of agency in smuggling. The paper goes on to discuss three different scenarios that may emerge as a result of the interplay between smugglers and smuggled persons, and it specifies the role of exploitation in each scenario. In addition, the paper offers empirical evidence of the key building blocks of smuggling — namely the search for reliable information and the reaching of an agreement in regard to the service offered — and of how smuggling can turn into trafficking. This work concludes by drawing out the relevant policy implications.     

Hierarchy in International Law: The Human Rights Dimension

Netherlands International Law Review -     

人文关怀与国际私法中弱者利益保护

现代国际私法在弱者利益保护方面充分表现出人文关怀和实质公平价值取向。人文关怀是人文精神的集中体现 ,而人文精神是国际私法的永恒主题 ,国际私法的构建应贯穿人文精神。现代国际私法对弱者的人文关怀不但表现在有利原则、强制性规范和公共秩序保留等原则和制度层面 ,而且还反映在具体的法律适用规范之中     

论国际人权法中的国家责任问题

国家责任是国际人权法中很重要的一项制度.由于国际人权法具有与一般国际法不同的特点,运用传统国家责任理论分析国际人权法中的国家责任会出现很多问题.因此,在对国际人权法中的国家责任构成进行分析时,应适当拓展传统国家责任理论,使以国家责任制度在人权实现中更好地发挥作用,让国际人权法真正成为普遍适用所有人的法.     

Stateless Crimes,Legitimacy, and International Criminal Law: The Case of Organ Trafficking

Organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of organ transplantation are recognized as significant international problems. Yet these forms of trafficking are largely left out of international criminal law regimes and to some extent of domestic criminal law regimes as well. Trafficking of organs or persons for their organs does not come within the jurisdiction of the ICC, except in very special cases such as when conducted in a manner that conforms to the definitions of genocide or crimes against humanity. Although the United States Code characterizes trafficking as “a transnational crime with national implications,” (22 U.S.C. § 7101(b)(24) (2010)), trafficking is rarely prosecuted in domestic courts. It has thus functioned in practice largely as what might be judged a “stateless” offense, out of the purview of both international and national courts. Yet these forms of organ trafficking remain widespread—and devastating to those who are its victims. In this article, we begin by describing what is known about the extent of organ trafficking and trafficking in persons for the purpose of removal of organs. We then critically evaluate how and why such trafficking has remained largely unaddressed by both international and domestic criminal law regimes. This state of affairs, we argue, presents a missed chance for developing the legitimacy of international criminal law and an illustration of how far current international legal institutions remain from ideal justice.     

Trafficking in Human Beings. Ten Years of Independent Monitoring by The Dutch Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings

The report ‘Trafficking in Human Beings, Ten years of independent monitoring’ marked the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the post of National Rapporteur as an independent monitoring mechanism of the Netherlands’ efforts to combat human trafficking. It also marked ten years of making recommendations, 200 in all. Many of those recommendations have been acted upon, the importance of some has receded and others have been regularly repeated. The report outlines the progress made in efforts to tackle human trafficking in the Netherlands over the last ten years in light of those recommendations. In this contribution, the most important aspects of the report are summarised, with a focus on the three P’s (protection, prevention and prosecution), together with the additional P’s (punishment and partnership).     

Kriangsak Kittichaisaree: International Human Rights Law and Diplomacy

Liverpool Law Review -     

Human Security and International Law: Prospects and Problems

Netherlands International Law Review -     

The UNHCR's Guidelines on Human Trafficking

In April 2006 the UNHCR published Guidelines on the applicationof the Refugees Convention to people who have been trafficked.While there is little doubt that trafficked people are subjectedto serious violations of their basic rights and interests, theapplicability of the Convention is problematic because theydo not fit easily into any of the categories recognised by theConvention as giving rise to an entitlement to refugee status.The Guidelines adopt the definition of trafficking containedin the Palermo Protocol to the UN Convention on TransnationalOrganised Crime 2000. The various elements of the refugee definitionare then analysed for their relevance to trafficking. The Guidelinesshow that the Refugees Convention may be applicable, but inlimited cases, particularly through the possibility of victimsof trafficking being members of a particular social group.