和谐社会建设与经济法创新

2006年,中国经济法学界按照建设和谐社会的总要求,围绕我国经济和社会发展中经济法问题展开研究,在领域的拓展、方法的创新、认识的深化等方面均取得了明显的进步,特别是总论中的理念、权利和研究方法研究,宏观调控法中的所得税法和计划法研究,市场规制法中的反垄断立法、消费者界定、证券业市场规制研究,跨领域制度中的涉农法律问题研究等。2007年经济法学研究有必要在论题的选择、方法的更新和交流的拓展方面作更多的努力。     

Detection of drugs of abuse in simultaneously collected oral fluid, urine and blood from Norwegian drug drivers

Blood and urine samples are collected when the Norwegian police apprehend a person suspected of driving under the influence of drugs other than alcohol. Impairment is judged from the findings in blood. In our routine samples, urine is analysed if morphine is detected in blood to differentiate between ingestion of heroin, morphine or codeine and also in cases where the amount of blood is too low to perform both screening and quantification analysis. In several cases, the collection of urine might be time consuming and challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate if drugs detected in blood were found in oral fluid and if interpretation of opiate findings in oral fluid is as conclusive as in urine. Blood, urine and oral fluid samples were collected from 100 drivers suspected of drugged driving. Oral fluid and blood were screened using LC-MS/MS methods and urine by immunological methods. Positive findings in blood and urine were confirmed with chromatographic methods. The analytical method for oral fluid included 25 of the most commonly abused drugs in Norway and some metabolites. The analysis showed a good correlation between the findings in urine and oral fluid for amphetamines, cocaine/benzoylecgonine, methadone, opiates, zopiclone and benzodiazepines including the 7-amino-benzodiazepines. Cocaine and the heroin marker 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) were more frequently detected in oral fluid than in urine. Drug concentrations above the cut-off values were found in both samples of oral fluid and urine in 15 of 22 cases positive for morphine, in 18 of 20 cases positive for codeine and in 19 of 26 cases positive for 6-MAM. The use of cannabis was confirmed by detecting THC in oral fluid and THC-COOH in urine. In 34 of 46 cases the use of cannabis was confirmed both in oral fluid and urine. The use of cannabis was confirmed by a positive finding in only urine in 11 cases and in only oral fluid in one case. All the drug groups detected in blood were also found in oral fluid. Since all relevant drugs detected in blood were possible to find in oral fluid and the interpretation of the opiate findings in oral fluid was more conclusive than in urine, oral fluid might replace urine in driving under the influence cases. The fast and easy sampling is time saving and less intrusive for the drivers.     

Public Beliefs in the Causes of Wealth and Poverty and Legitimization of Inequalities in Russia and Estonia

The article analyzes the attributions of the causes of poverty and wealth in Russia and Estonia in 1991 and 1996 and their determinants. Among the latter are the perceived actual justice of the society, the perceived size of the middle class, and the personal position in the system of inequalities. Despite the economic hardships and a rise in inequalities in both countries, individualistic explanations of wealth and poverty have increased over the 5 years between the surveys. At the same time respondents in both countries demonstrated a growing awareness of the importance of starting positions and connections to achieve wealth. The perceived middle class has a significant effect on attributions of poverty but not on wealth. Russians in Estonia have a particular bias against wealth, whereas non-Russians in Russia are more likely to justify wealth on the basis of individual merit. Explanations of poverty and wealth in Estonia are more rooted in the factors of socialization (age, education, and gender), whereas in Russia they are more rooted in the changes in the family financial circumstances between 1991 and 1996. There was a general increase in support for government intervention in distribution in both countries.     

对物诉讼与我国的船舶扣押法律制度

对物诉讼源于罗马法,却只在英国得到延续,并在其海事诉讼中得到巨大发展.随着英国殖民者将对物诉讼制度带到其殖民属地,移植法律与本地法律互相作用,逐渐发展出英美法系各国目前各具特色的扣船制度,其中最有代表性的莫过于英美两国的对物诉讼制度.我国的扣船制度既坚持了对人诉讼的传统,又大胆吸收了对物诉讼制度的合理内涵,反映了国际船舶扣押立法中对人诉讼与对物诉讼相互融合的良性发展态势.     

论物权请求权的性质——以物权请求权与罗马法诉权之关系变迁为视角

物权请求权发轫于罗马法的诉权,凭借对物之诉和对人之诉存在于罗马法中。在部门法运动和中世纪法学理论的推动下,物权请求权分立于罗马诉权。尽管物权请求权承继罗马诉权的程序功能,且得诉权之行使方可实现,但是物权请求权非因之而附着于诉权,而是独立于诉权,发展为横跨实体权利与诉讼程序之间的桥梁,为物权的顺利实现提供服务和保障。但物权请求权不附属于物权,也非物权的效力所致,它是异于物权的,在物权存续期间,于一物的同一类型的物权请求权因同质的侵害行为会反复出现,但基于物权请求权的相对性和相对人的变化,此时的物权请求权与彼时的物权请求权并非同质,物权请求权是一种相对独立于物权的请求权。正是基于物权请求权的此等属性,物权请求权才可能成为诉讼时效的客体。     

物权法定原则

物权法定原则决定了物权法的基本性质与特征,也严格地限制了当事人在创设新型物权、改变既有物权之内容等方面的意思自由。物权法定原则的内涵是指物权的种类、内容、效力以及公示方法由法律规定,原则上不能由法律之外的规范性文件进行规定,也不能允许当事人自由创设物权的种类以及确定物权的内容、效力和公示方法。作者比较了物权法定模式的表述方式和基本功能,并认为我国物权法中物权法定中的“法”应当被主要限定为法律;司法解释应当具有一定的创设物权的功能;判例不能创设物权。当事人关于物权设定的约定违反物权法定原则的法律后果,应当根据不同的情况来确定。     

Confidence in the police in Latin America

The study of confidence in the police in Latin America is rare, partially for lack of interest and partially for lack of reliable data. Social, economic, and political instability in those countries also contributes to the problem. Relying on data from the World Values Surveys 1995-1997, the current research proposed a theory of the police in transitional societies and reported the results of analyses of confidence in the police in nine countries of Latin America. The levels of confidence in the police in the nine Latin American nations were compared with that of the U.S. The inclusion of a heterogeneous set of control variables in the multivariate analysis yielded several consistent predictors of confidence in the police. Similar to the findings in the U.S., confidence in the police in Latin America was part of the broader attitude complex. Different from the findings in the U.S., confidence in the police was positively related to one's employment status and religiosity, and negatively to income.     

创伤致休克和多器官功能不全综合征中的细胞凋亡研究

研究创伤致休克和多器官功能不全综合征中的细胞凋亡 ,探讨细胞凋亡在创伤性休克和多器官功能不全综合征中的发生机理及其在法医学上的应用。用TUNEL末端标记、流式细胞仪等方法 ,对广泛软组织挫伤死亡尸解15例的肝、肾、心、脑等组织进行凋亡检测。其中因创伤性休克死亡 10例 ;因MODS死亡 5例。TUNEL末端标记法检测 :创伤休克组肝、肾、心、脑的细胞凋亡指数 (AI)明显高于对照组 ;创伤MODS组肝、肾、心、脑的细胞凋亡指数 (AI)明显高于创伤休克组和对照组 ,经统计学处理有显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。流式细胞仪检测 :创伤休克组肝、肾、心、脑的凋亡峰值分别为 2 0 3 %、 19 1%、 18 6 %、 30 0 % ;创伤MODS组肝、肾、心、脑的凋亡峰值分别为 42 2 %、 45 1%、 39 7%、 6 2 9%。创伤致休克和MODS死亡人体尸解器官中细胞凋亡增多。     

经济全球化背景下我国BOT立法的反思与重构

我国现行BOT立法不仅与国情不符,更与经济全球化的深入推进不相适应。法律体系不科学、不完整、不具前瞻性,导致BOT在我国的适用存在诸多问题和障碍,这些问题和障碍不仅严重阻碍了BOT方式在我国的顺利开展,也不能满足我国更深更广地融入经济全球化的要求。为此必须在经济全球化的大背景下,立足国情,借鉴国际经验,从立法模式、立法原则、立法体系、游戏规则等方面全方位重构BOT立法。     

氯胺酮滥用的毛发分析研究

目的建立毛发中氯胺酮及其代谢物的分析方法并探索氯胺酮进入毛发的机理。方法通过建立豚鼠连续给药(不同剂量)实验模型获取阳性头发和采集氯胺酮滥用者头发,经处理后用GC/MSscan和SIM法分析,以鉴别、确认毛发中氯胺酮及其代谢物。结果豚鼠毛发中氯胺酮的质量分数与给药剂量存在明显的正相关性。毛发中氯胺酮质量分数依白色、棕色、黑色毛发顺序随毛发中黑色素的质量分数增加而增加。豚鼠毛发中氯胺酮与代谢物NK质量分数之比为2.33～12.94,仅在高剂量组的豚鼠毛发中才检测到DHNK,其质量分数与NK接近。15名氯胺酮滥用者黑色头发中均检出原体和代谢物NK,但DHNK少见。豚鼠毛发中代谢物相对质量分数明显高于人。结论本实验结果很好地反映了药物进入毛发代谢过程与药物和黑色素亲和力以及药物的亲脂性密切相关这一规律,但人和动物在药物代谢及进入毛发的难易程度上存在差异。本方法可以用于法庭毒物分析领域头发中氯胺酮的检测。     

Diagnosis of pregnancy in bloodstains. Study of progesterone and luteinizing hormone levels

The objective of this work is to establish the diagnostic efficiency of the determination of progesterone and luteinizing hormone in bloodstains on an absorbent surface. In a stain consisting of woman's blood, the establishment of pregnancy or birth may be significant in cases of criminal abortion or infanticide, or to determine the probable date of the events. A total of 61 women between the ages of 16 and 47 years were studied (mean age 29.54 years; S.D. 7.82). Subjects were distributed in three groups: pregnant women, women in labour and non-pregnant women. We found statistically significant differences in progesterone and LH levels between the non-pregnant group and pregnant women in labour in 24 and 48-h bloodstains. We found no statistically significant differences between progesterone and LH levels in pregnant women in 24, 48 and 72-h stains and at 6 and 7 days. We can conclude that progesterone and LH measurements in bloodstains at least 1 week old and probably much older can be very useful in establishing the diagnosis of pregnancy up until and including the time of birth.     

永佃权的历史考察及其当代价值

本文对中外永佃权的历史做了粗略的梳理 ,以期辨正学界对永佃权某些方面的误解。以此为据 ,进而阐明永佃权的当代价值。在考察中国和国外法律史的过程中 ,采用可靠的史料是重要的 ,而使用该国文化中特定的语言系统又是必须的。中国古代存在永佃制 ,但绝没有永佃权 ;中国的永佃制萌芽于隋唐而非秦汉或北宋 (英宗 ) ;永佃权虽然生成于私有制的土壤 ,但对我国物权法中的农地立法 ,仍有借鉴的价值。     

急性心肌缺血再灌注HSP70及c-Fos的免疫组织化学研究

运用免疫组织化学方法 ,观察心肌缺血后不同时间再灌注HSP70及Fos蛋白在心肌组织不同区域表达的规律 ,为心肌缺血 /再灌注损伤所致心性猝死的法医学诊断提供形态学依据。结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立急性心肌缺血 /再灌注模型 ,取缺血区域 (左冠脉前降支供血区 )及非缺血区 (右心室 )心肌组织。结果显示 :对照组正常心肌组织无Fos蛋白及HSP70表达。Fos蛋白在心肌缺血 15min再灌注 0 5h后即在缺血区域表达 ,随着再灌注时间延长其表达增强 ;非缺血区域 1h始有表达 ,缺血区域表达明显强于非缺血区域。HSP70在心肌缺血区域再灌注 1h后始有表达 ,随着再灌注时间延长其表达增强 ;非缺血区域心肌 2h始有表达 ,且明显弱于缺血区域。同时发现再灌注早期HSP70及Fos均先于心肌内层表达 ,随着时间延长其表达向心肌外层扩展。Fos在再灌注 0 5h时主要在心肌内层表达 ,1h时已扩展到心肌全层 ,4h时其心肌外层表达明显强于心肌内层。HSP70在再灌注 1、 2h时主要在心肌内层表达 ,4、 6h时表达扩展至全层心肌。心肌缺血 /再灌注早期不同时间HSP70及Fos表达有不同的区域性及强度 ,此可为心肌缺血 /再灌注的早期诊断提供一项新的辅助诊断依据     

论“本质错误”——以罗马法为中心

在罗马法中,本质错误与身份错误、行为性质的错误、标的物错误并称为使行为无效的四种实质性错误。本质错误与材料错误相关又不等同于材料错误。本质错误的内涵见于D.18,1,9,2中的"醋为酒卖"案,是在社会经济功能影响下的标的物之内在特性发生错误。本质错误的外延见于"古杯"案及D.18,1,11、D.18,1,14等文本,涵涉了大部分的材料错误和性别错误,并可以作为一种兜底条款适用于那些对诸如艺术品价值、作者发生错误的情形。本质错误在近代演化为法国法的"实质错误"、意大利法的"本质上的错误"、瑞士法的"重大错误"、德国法和我国台湾地区法的"性质错误",在赋予法官自由裁量权的功能上,它们和中国大陆民法的错误制度殊途同归。     

论中国台湾地区的行政执行制度及理论

我国台湾地区的行政执行制度及理论对探讨中国内地制定行政强制执行法具有借鉴意义。笔者介绍了台湾行政执行的概念、特征、种类 ,探讨了其法理基础及原则 ,分析了其修订后的“行政执行法”在形式和内容上的变化 ,并就公法上金钱给付义务的执行 ,公法上行为、不行为义务的执行 ,行政上的即时强制 ,行政执行行为的性质及法律救济等问题进行了详细探讨 ,对台湾行政执行制度及理论的特色与不足也作了分析。     

溺死尸体器官硅藻检出率季节性差异

目的 研究溺水死亡者肺、肝、肾、骨髓等器官淡水硅藻检出率可能存在的季节性差异,为法医学解决水中尸体死因鉴定提供技术帮助与科学证据.方法 收集2009～2011年1、4、7、10月沈阳市浑河中溺死尸体每月(组)各5例;45只家兔分相应月份生前、死后入水组及对照组,分别于当月发现水中尸体后第2天入水,取人及兔肺、肝、肾、股骨骨髓及现场水样备检,应用酶消化法检测各组器官中硅藻数量、种属并与现场水样比对.结果 各组溺死尸体肺中均检出多量硅藻且种属与现场水样一致,春、秋及冬季溺死尸体肝、肾中仅可检出少量体积较小的小环藻等中心纲硅藻,夏季肝、肾及骨髓中均未检出硅藻;各组溺死家兔肺中均检出少量小环藻等中心纲硅藻,肝、肾及骨髓中未检出硅藻.结论 硅藻种群的季节性变化及不同种群硅藻体积的差异可能造成肝、肾等大循环器官中硅藻检出率的季节性差异;仅肺中检出硅藻,肝、肾中硅藻检验结果阴性并不能排除溺死可能.     

清末监狱改良思想的现代性

中国监狱改良思想的滥觞与兴起是近代以来的事情.1901年8月刘坤一和张之洞会奏之折以及1902年底赵尔巽关于通设罪犯习艺所的上书开启了中国近代监狱改良的思想之门.随着清末新政的推进与预备立宪的进行,各种监狱改良思想亦随之涌现、渐至兴起并日臻成熟.清末监狱改良思想基本具备了西方狱制思想之现代性.     

不当得利返还请求权之再定性

传统民法把不当得利返还权定性为债权而归入债权编,然而这种定性定位不利于保护当事人的合法权益,而且与我国物权变动的有因模式相冲突。通过对不当得利制度的历史考察和价值分析,得出的结论是:它是一种概括的混合的救济权,既可以救济对人性的权利,也可以救济对物性的权利。不当得利、不当得利之债和不当得利返还请求权是不同范畴的概念。     

清初李因笃诗学新论

李因笃的思路是进一步将师法对象追溯到《诗经》,主张学诗必本乎三百篇 ,“学三百而得苏李 ,学苏李而得曹阮鲍谢 ,学曹阮鲍谢而得开元天宝诸公 ,是真能学者矣。是故湛于三百而后为苏李 ,学苏李未能为苏李也”。以此类推 ,“溯洄从之 ,必自三百 ,所谓登山而诣其极 ,道水而穷其源也 ;溯流从之 ,必自盛唐。否则欲入而闭之门 ,升高而去其梯 ,恶乎可 ?”(《许伯子茁斋诗序》[5] (卷 1) )这虽是“学其上 ,仅得其中”(《沧浪诗话·诗辨》)的老生常谈 ,但对格调派“诗必盛唐”的诗学观念却是很大的突破和发展。“取材于《选》”的介入 ,不仅大大拓宽…     

Trafficking in persons in Australia: myths and realities

In Australia, despite greater public awareness and acknowledgement of the problem by government agencies, trafficking in persons remains a phenomenon poorly understood and researched. The true extent of Australia's human trafficking problem is not fully known, largely due to the clandestine nature of this phenomenon. Anecdotal evidence, media reports, and statistical estimates without proper evidentiary bases are the only sources of information currently available about trafficking in persons in Australia. This article produces a more accurate assessment of the scale of trafficking in persons in the light of the open source evidence, thus contributing to the understanding of the immediate problem, and paving the way for further research on the many facets and aspects associated with trafficking in persons in Australia and elsewhere. The article calls for further research into trafficking and greater openness from relevant stakeholders, in order to clarify the facts about trafficking in Australia, and to help to dispel the myths and misconceptions that abound in discussing this issue.