Dutch cocaine trade: The perspective of Rotterdam cocaine retail dealers

This article based, on 38 in-depth interviews with Rotterdam cocaine retail dealers, aims to present a clearer picture of how cocaine supply lines in the Netherlands are organized in order to fine-tune policy with respect to crime, public order and safety on the different trade levels. On the retail level the market for cocaine is strictly separated in a market for crack cocaine versus a market for powder cocaine. The crack dealers are often hard drug users themselves living in relatively poor circumstances. Although dealing cocaine is their main activity, they tend to be involved in other activities related to the drug scene, e.g. smuggling cocaine via Amsterdam airport. The cocaine distribution line for supply on the local market is seldom more than two steps. Because the supply for the Rotterdam cocaine retailers comes mainly from small-scale imports, successful police operations against large-scale imports of cocaine will have little influence on the local cocaine supply in the Netherlands.     

《鹿特丹规则》对港口经营人的影响

对目前中国港口经营人法律地位的三种不同认识进行归纳,介绍《鹿特丹规则》下＂海运履约方＂的概念,认为在一定条件下港口经营人属于《鹿特丹规则》下的＂海运履约方＂;并对《鹿特丹规则》＂海运履约方＂制度对港口经营人的利弊影响进行分析。     

Judicial and Litigant Perceptions in Dutch Court Cases: Perceptions of Outcome Importance Overlap,Perceptions of Procedural Justice Diverge

Social Justice Research - The current paper aims to provide insight into judges’ perceptions of how fairly they treat litigants and how important case outcomes are to litigants, and whether...     

论“二级识别”现象存在的客观性——以《鹿特丹规则》为视角

传统观念认为,识别作为法院进行法律选择适用的前提步骤存在于冲突法中,是适用冲突规范前需要处理的特殊问题。联合国《全程或部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》首次从国际公约的层面对承运人和货物控制方的识别问题进行了统一规定。这说明识别与识别冲突不仅存在于冲突规范的选择适用中,而且存在于准据法的选择适用领域。二级识别现象是客观存在的,应当重视研究二级识别问题。     

《鹿特丹规则》下非承运方委托时港口经营人责任限制分析

通过对中国港口经营人责任限制的分析以及对《鹿特丹规则》下海运履约方制度的解读,探讨非承运人委托作业时港口经营人责任界定。得出中国可以借鉴《鹿特丹规则》,通过完善《中华人民共和国海商法》实际承运入制度,使实际承运人适用于港口经营人,可以享有责任限制权,但仅限于消极抗辩权。     

如何评价《鹿特丹规则》

《联合国全程或者部分国际海上货物运输合同公约》（简称《鹿特丹规则》）是国际社会为推进国际货物运输法的统一而作的又一次努力。从《鹿特丹规则》的宗旨、研究方法、作用和影响、引发的问题和存在的漏洞着手,结合当前面临的新任务,分析中国应采取的历史态度,并对《鹿特丹规则》给予客观的评价。     

《鹿特丹规则》的中国立场

《鹿特丹规则》试图在与海运相关的国际运输领域确立一套统一的规范,该规范在形式上采取国际条约的方式,在内容上则进行了制度创新,重新配置了承运人和货方的权利和义务。结合当今国际社会多层次主体、多元治理模式的发展趋势,对《鹿特丹规则》所采取的规范形式进行考量。着眼中国的航运大国和贸易大国的现实,指出中国对船货双方都有重大的关切,分析中国在《鹿特丹规则》语境下的利益取向,并不能得出船方或货方的利益即是中国的利益界定基础,采用这一规则对于中国可能并不意味着＂帕累托改进＂。根据《鹿特丹规则》相关规定,暂不加入《鹿特丹规则》并不意味着中国被拒于该体系之外。中国作为全面参与《鹿特丹规则》确立的国家,可以通过签署的方式表达中国对国际货运规范制定的肯定态度和决定意义,以进一步发挥中国在国际立法中的引领作用。     

《鹿特丹规则》若干疑难问题综述

作为时下热点,《鹿特丹规则》是国际海事委员会第40届大会的一项主要议题.中国的司玉琢教授在研究《鹿特丹规则》的过程中,提出了14个疑难问题,附上他本人的观点,在大会前发给有关专家.专家们认真地对问题单进行回复,这些回复反映出公约条款背后的立法精神,有助于进一步理解《鹿特丹规则》,为将来中国决定是否批准《鹿特丹规则》提供更多参考.     

《鹿特丹规则》对于国际多式联运合同的适用

《鹿特丹规则》以调整“海运＋其他”运输方式的模式扩大了海运公约所调整的运输合同的适用范围，使其能够适用于包含海上运输的多式联运合同关系，但其毕竟不是国际多式联运公约，因而证明其适用于国际多式联运合同的合法性和可行性及其适用中可能存在的问题十分必要。     

Introduction to the forensic pathology of cocaine.

During the last several years, a clearer understanding of cocaine's effects on the body has emerged. Metabolism and tissue distribution are better understood. A diverse group of cocaine-related illnesses have been reported, but many appear to share the underlying mechanism of catecholamine toxicity. Knowledge of cocaine's metabolism makes possible certain conclusions about route of ingestion, time of use, and patterns of abuse in general. Knowledge of the histologic alterations known to be associated with cocaine use can pinpoint cocaine as the cause of death, even in cases where there are negligible blood levels. What follows is a brief review of recent observations that bear on the forensic aspects of cocaine abuse.     

《鹿特丹规则》的巨人之踵：承运人责任期间的强制性问题研究

承运人责任期间的强制性，是影响《鹿特丹规则》最终生效的关键性问题。承运人责任期间的概念长期被混淆，而《鹿特丹规则》的新规定，可能会引发新一轮的法律冲突。由于未能很好地解决与国内法衔接的问题，《鹿特丹规则》关于承运人责任期间强制性的规定，可能成为最终影响中国接受该公约的重要因素之一。     

从货方的视角看《鹿特丹规则》

对《鹿特丹规则》中涉及货方利益的主要条款及内容进行梳理,采用比较、归纳、逻辑等方法,从货方的视角审视《鹿特丹规则》,分析涉及货方利益的主要条款及其特点,并进行评价。     

《鹿特丹规则》对卖方（货主）的影响

分析《鹿特丹规则》关于托运人,不可转让运输单证,货物控制权和控制方,不可转让运输单证、不交单提货的可转让运输单证的交货方式、交货条件以及签发运输单证等规定,指出在两国间货物交易中,由付款行向受益人（卖方）开具的信用证和承运人向交货托运人（卖方）签发的提单（物权凭证）,是建立在卖方、买方和承运人相互制约关系上的＂交单相符＂＂付款接单＂和＂交单提货＂三项规则基础之上的。这三项原则保证了国际贸易和国际海上货运中付款和交货的公平、公正和安全,并推动了国际贸易、国际金融和国际海运业的健康有序发展。然而,《鹿特丹规则》的上述规定,改变了上述三项重要规则,背离了公平、公正和保护各方当事人权益的普遍原则,将给海上货物运输利害关系人FOB卖方的货物及货款带来巨大伤害。     

A multilevel analysis of the effect of cocaine price on cocaine use among arrestees

Using data drawn from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program, from the Drug Enforcement Administration's System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence, and from the 1990 Census, this study examined whether an arrestee's probability of testing positive for cocaine use varied across aggregate levels of cocaine price. Results from a Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling analysis revealed that in cities where the price of cocaine was relatively high, arrestees had a lower probability of testing positive for cocaine use. Specifically, a 10 percent increase in the price of cocaine was associated with a 3 percent decrease in the odds that an arrestee would test positive for cocaine use. Findings also showed that individuals arrested for income-generating crimes did not have a higher probability of testing positive for cocaine when the price of cocaine was relatively high. Thus, it appeared that higher cocaine prices were not inducing users to amplify their criminal activity in order to finance a more costly drug addiction. Finally, results failed to furnish support for the hypothesis that individuals substituted opiates or marijuana when cocaine became more expensive.     

Limits to growth: The case of Dutch prison capacity

This article deals with the question of why the dentention capacity in the Netherlands has been increasing since 1975, and what the consequences are for the future. Analysis is based on literature. Dutch policy is reactive: capacity depends on the sum of detention sentences. The interaction between the judicial system and its political imbedding leads to a continuous growth in detention capacity. This spin-off process is also active when crime is not increasing. As a consequence, continuation of this growth is to be expected. It is not clear whether judges allow capacity to affect the length of the prison sentences they pass. If so, a spiral process is going on, where the increase in capacity fuels the need for a greater capacity in the future. In theory, this spiral could also go downwards. Therefore, when the spiral is stronger than the spin-off, a pro-active government policy could lead to a reduction in capacity. However, as it is not clear that this is the case, it is concluded that the detention capacity could best be reduced by ad hoc measures like legalising drugs.     

On the Question of Dutch Courts' Universal Jurisdiction: A Response to Mettraux

In response to Guénaël Mettraux's article regardingthe recent exercise of universal jurisdiction over torture andwar crimes by a Dutch court, the author disputes Mettraux'sreading of these cases on several points. These points includethe legal basis for exercising universal jurisdiction over violationsof Common Article 3 and the criterion of involvement of publicauthorities in the crime of torture.     

《鹿特丹规则》对我国港口经营人的影响

《鹿特丹规则》对于受承运人委托的我国港口经营人之影响很难一言而断.与我国现行法体系相比,有的规定可能对港口经营人更加有利,有的可能有负面影响,还有的利弊影响相差无几.因此,从港口经营人角度看,我国对于加入《公约》应持谨慎态度.我们可以在《海商法》修改中考虑借鉴《公约》中的海运履约方制度,以解决相关港口经营人的法律地位问题.     

《鹿特丹规则》：一个值得珍惜的统一法律的机会

就国际海事委员会（CMI）和联合国国际贸易法委员会（UNCITRAL）有关《鹿特丹规则》的准备、起草、讨论等工作进行简要回顾,并对中国海商法协会及中国政府代表团的参与及贡献进行简单介绍。此外,还对《鹿特丹规则》的核心内容作一浅显的说明,指出《鹿特丹规则》较好地平衡了在现今条件下的船货双方利益,是一个值得珍惜的统一国际海上货物运输合同法律的机会。