国际话语权视域下的中国国家形象建设:挑战与对策

国家形象是国际社会对某一特定国家的总体感知、评价与情感,它的具体内容在主体与客体的共同建构中稳定、变化和更新.提升并运用国际话语权是主权国家塑造和建设国家形象的重要路径.在全球化背景下,中国国家形象的海外认知情况较为复杂,积极与消极评价共存.新冠疫情暴发后,中国的国家形象被不同政治和文化背景的人密集讨论,部分西方国家对中国的污名化现象凸显出来,维护国家形象和提升国际话语权成为紧迫课题.在国际话语权相比过去有所提高的情况下,中国在国家形象的塑造和传播方面仍然面临着诸多问题与挑战,包括“西强中弱”的国际话语权力结构的制约,以及舆论引导、议程设置和学术创新能力方面的不足等.未来,基于国际话语权的构建以维护和完善中国国家形象的具体路径可参考:以舆论性话语权加强公共危机中的国家形象管理,以制度性话语权在国际治理机制的议程、规则和话语中嵌入理想的国家形象,以学术性话语权为国家形象提供更多的价值来源和科学支撑.     

国际制度变迁与制度话语权格局的演变——以全球经济治理为例

进入21世纪以来,在国际局势总体稳定、区域性冲突频发的大背景下,不同国家在致力于提升自身物质性权力水平的同时,也更加注重非物质性权力,特别是制度性权力的获取和提升。通过借鉴话语制度主义理论,以全球经济治理领域的制度变迁为例进行分析,可以为国际制度话语权格局演变的动因及趋势提供一以贯之的解释逻辑。国际关系领域中的制度演进遵循着系统性的话语逻辑,在制度创设、制度运行和制度竞争的不同阶段,国家行为体凭借对话语资源的掌控与调试,将自身参与特定领域制度互动的意图通过相应话语策略的实施导入制度框架中,使之成为维护制度运作的原则遵循。通过上述机制的实践,不同行为体得以在参与制度互动的过程中最大限度地保障利益、履行义务和行使权力。对制度话语权理论的再探索有助于弥补现有理论认知的不足,在大国博弈日趋激烈的背景下,深刻洞悉国际话语权理论进展,准确把握国际话语权,特别是制度话语权的演进规律,可为中国探索构建全面系统的国际话语权提升战略以营造有利的国际制度环境提供有益启示。     

中共十九大以来中国国际话语权的发展北大核心

中共十九大以来,随着中国进入社会主义现代化建设新时期,中国与世界的互动也出现了新特征,国际话语权的发展更加迫切。以习近平同志为核心的党中央重视国际话语权建设,社会主义现代化建设和中国特色大国外交的新成就为其发展奠定了坚实基础,哲学社会科学界相应研究和媒体对外传播工作的新进步也支持了中国国际话语权提升。但应清醒认识到,中国国际话语权在发展上尚有一系列战略谋划、学术研究与对外传播上的问题需要解决。对此,在主要思路上,应强化国际话语权建设的战略地位,优化战略设计;加快中国特色哲学社会科学体系建设的力度,重点搞好一批与国际话语权建设直接相关问题的研究;统筹好国内外两个大局,推动中国国际话语传播能力建设等。     

中国国际话语权建设：成就、挑战与深化路径

中国国际话语权建设的目标在于塑造真实、立体、全面的中国形象,统筹好国内国际两个大局,为中国和平发展营造良好的外部舆论环境,实现中华民族伟大复兴。经过多年努力,中国国际话语权在议题设置力、传播辐射力、理念引领力、形象影响力、方案贡献力以及制度创设力上取得重要成就。当前,中国国际话语权建设面临西方霸权话语、跨文化差异与价值观冲突、外交理论体系建设滞后以及国际传播能力不足等方面的挑战,需加强国家治理能力建设,推进中国特色大国外交,构建中国国际话语体系与中国特色战略传播体系,加强复合型多元人才队伍建设。     

中国外交话语权的历史演进、基本经验及生成逻辑

中国外交话语权建设经历了外交承认的获得与国际反霸统一战线话语权的生成、国际认同度的提高与全方位外交格局的形成、全球影响力的提升与新型全球治理实践的发展三个阶段。考察中国外交话语权的历史演进、基本经验与生成逻辑,不仅对于推动改变当前国际舆论"西强中弱"格局,进一步推动国际战略力量"西降东升"发展趋势,具有重大理论与现实意义,而且还有助于我们深刻认识其本质和特点:一是高科技驱动的国家硬实力与价值观驱动的文化软实力建设是话语权生成的基础;二是在外交实践与融通中外基础上创新外交理论体系是话语权提升的关键;三是拓展人民外交、国际组织外交与媒体外交等多元外交形式是话语权提升的保证;四是基于中华传统文化基础上的真诚重义与和平中庸的外交风格是话语权建设的助力。本文认为,外交话语转化为话语权需要满足被听闻、被回应、被认同、被实践等条件,需要遵循外交话语权的生成逻辑,在国家实力基础上加强话语构建、翻译、传播"一体化"建设,通过阴阳共生与多元结构思维相结合的方式跨越中西"话语鸿沟",并在此基础上生成新型的全球性话语,借此提升我国的战略性外交话语权与制度性话语权。     

约束与突破：中国在北极理事会的规范性话语权提升路径探析

北极理事会作为最具影响力的北极地区国际组织,其规则制定行为深刻影响了北极秩序的演变。中国不仅是北极事务的"利益攸关方",也是北极治理的后来者。要融入以西方国家主导的北极治理格局,就需要借助北极理事会来维护中国的北极利益。获取并提升规范性话语权,是中国制度性参与北极治理的重要目标。随着国际地位的提升与北极治理环境的转变,为了护持合理的北极权益,中国有必要提升在北极理事会中的规范性话语权。当前,中国可以通过充分利用参会权来提升对北极理事会建章立制的知情能力,从而逐步突破身份与权益限制,以及北极国家对北极治理规范性话语权的垄断。     

中国构建南海国际话语权：实践探索与未来进路

南海国际话语权是海洋话语权的重要组成部分,也是南海争端相关方主张海洋权益,争夺舆论制高点和掌握舆论主导权的新场域。党的十八大以来,中国以外交声明、立场文件、学术成果、舆论引导等多种形式对外宣介南海政策主张,有力彰显了中国捍卫领土主权、维护海洋权益的意志和决心。与此同时,南海国际话语权在百年大变局加速演变之下,也面临议题和架构设置能力不强、话语支撑体系薄弱、对外传播创新不足等诸多现实问题。构建南海国际话语权本身是一个系统性、历史性和连续性的过程。未来要深刻认识涉南海国际舆论的基本格局,通过加强南海问题基础研究、理论储备和成果转化,加强国际传播能力建设,进一步重视智库和专业人才的支撑作用等措施,努力构建同中国综合国力和国际地位相匹配的南海国际话语权。     

全球治理中的跨境数据流动规制与中国参与——基于WTO、CPTPP和RCEP的比较分析

世界各国在跨境数据流动方面制定的不同规制造成了数据流动壁垒,但数据流动的全球性、数据要素市场的依赖性以及数字经济的整体性均呼唤国际社会对跨境数据流动进行全球治理。鉴于充分的国际法治供给是跨境数据流动全球治理的基础,我们应当构建以"善治"为宗旨、以"规则导向"为目标、以"共商共建共享"原则为归宿的跨境数据流动规制三维框架,借此阐释跨境数据流动全球治理的应然状态。当前,国际法治供给不足与需求旺盛之间的结构性失衡是造成跨境数据流动国际法治贫困的主要原因,虽然WTO、CPTPP和RCEP等多边和区域机制对规制跨境数据流动均作出了不同程度的制度回应,但仍存在多边规制发展滞后、区域规制碎片化以及共识性合作缺乏的治理困境。本文认为,在三维框架的指引下,跨境数据流动全球治理应坚持从区域规制向多边规制的形式转型、从"软法"向"硬法"的性质转变,并且一定要明确宽泛灵活性规则的明晰适用机制。中国在参与跨境数据流动全球治理时,应将国内规则外化的接轨性法治建设与国际规则内化的对接性法治发展相结合,以不断提升中国在全球数据治理领域的制度性话语权主张能力和国际公共产品的供给能力。     

从话语危机到安全危机：机理与应对

语言影响人们的思维和认知,是人与人、国与国之间交流和沟通的媒介,也是安全研究的重要维度。特定的话语可塑造威胁身份,叙述危机故事,对言语对象制造话语障碍,形成话语压力,建构话语危机,影响相关政策,使特定问题安全化,并影响安全程度的高低,导致不同的安全政策,甚至助推战争。中国在近三十年来一直面临来自西方世界的话语压力,在国际舆论场中经常陷入不利境地,有时由于某个话题成为舆论焦点,遭遇话语危机,如“中国威胁论”“中国强硬论”“中国威胁南海航行自由”“中国威胁世界秩序”以及中美“修昔底德陷阱”等。中国成为世界第二大经济体后日益成为世界关注的焦点,中国亟须研究和应对话语压力和话语危机。中国需要加大世界发声力度,提高话语主动性和自觉性;加大中国文化理念的国际宣传,重塑中国话语的国际语境;努力提升国际话语权;避免话语与行为的盲目自大,避免不必要的话语攻击和误解、有针对性地做好美国关于中国话语的改善工作。只有这样,才能够减少话语障碍和话语压力,有效缓解和化解话语危机。这是为中国塑造良好外部环境、提升中国国际形象、使中国与世界的互动更加顺畅的重要条件。     

加强国际关系领域中国话语体系建设 提升中国话语权的理论思考

加强国际关系领域中国话语体系建设,提升中国话语权是中国学术界的一项重大课题。当今世界,由美国主导的话语霸权处处可见。上世纪80年代以来,国际关系领域的中国学者已经取得不俗的研究成果,但是尚未改变中国话语权的弱势地位。在国际关系领域建构中国话语体系和提升话语权,必须以中国特色社会主义理论体系为指导,扬弃中国传统外交文化,全面推进中国哲学社会科学的学科发展,尤其是加强国际关系领域的理论体系和学科体系建设;同时,要坚持开放包容的心态,借鉴西方国际关系理论的有益成果,不断创新发展,逐步形成国际关系领域的中国学派与中国话语体系。     

China＇s Rise vs. International Order Evolution

A heated debate over the rise of China has been going on unabated in the international community for nearly two decades. However, with the elapse of time, the initial divergence of views in the mainstream opinion has gradually diminished and the gap in China policy among nations has likewise narrowed down. Instead, reason and a realistic approach have eventually taken center stare.     

The U. S. Policy toward DPRK: Opportunities and Constraints

布什政府上台以来,始终未能阻止朝鲜拥核步伐.朝核试后,美对朝政策有了新的调整,六方会谈得以复会.但美朝双方受各自国家利益和政策目标的限制,在朝鲜半岛无核化问题上的尖锐分歧难以解决,朝核危机仍存在再度升级的可能.     

Marxist Philosophy vs. International Relations Research in China

This article argues for the confirmation of Marxist philosophy as the ideology that guides international relations （IR） studies in China. Justification comes through the following points. According to Marxism, correct theoretical guidance serves as the prerequisite for correct practice. Marxist philosophy embodies, by nature, righteousness, in opposition to political hegemony. Accordingly, practice under its guidance represents fruitful revolutionary realism. Finally, advanced studies of international relations in this country cannot be separated from philosophical thinking. Using these arguments as background, this article specifically advocates materialism, patriotism, and service to the people as the corner-stone of China＇s IR theory building.     

The Development of EU-Russian Relations

The EU＇s strategy for Russia since the end of the cold war has to a large extent failed, and the direct consequences are the currently deadlocked EU-Russia relationship. There are three reasons for this： the EU and Russia＇s respective strength and status relative to each other have been changing since the beginning of this century; the EU＇s strategy towards Russia has been more fragmenting in recently years; and the American factor. The EU-Russia relations could continue to be in poor shape in the years to come, and it is very likely sometimes even further worsening. But the two sides would refrain from extreme measures and prevent their relations from sliding into real cold war.     

Excavating Concealed Tradeoffs: How Russians Watch the News

Citizens in democracies are expected to make better decisions if they understand policy tradeoffs. However, politicians rarely have incentives to communicate them; citizens are uncomfortable choosing among valued outcomes; and devising a common metric is difficult. It is not surprising that in the United States the environment provides relatively little cuing or priming of tradeoffs in television news. Russian citizens, on the other hand, face a media environment in which tradeoff cuing is intentionally suppressed by owners' agendas, yet viewers detect concealed tradeoffs even in the absence of tradeoff priming and viewpoint diversity. Analysis of discourse among ordinary Russians in 16 focus groups convened in four cities, differentiated by political reform and media market environments, showed that when watching news in which tradeoffs are thoroughly concealed, viewers challenge stories by offering a broad spectrum of uncued tradeoffs. Tradeoffs come from diverse policy domains and represent a range of cognitive strategies, some of which are considerably more abstract than others and link elements of their observations and assumptions (together with what they can extract from the stories) into complex reasoning outcomes.     

The U.S. Global Strategy as Seen from the Debate in the Primary Election

There may be more than one year to go before the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but the primary election of the two parties has already begun ahead of time. Both the Democratic and Republican candidates for the     

Young American China Watchers＇ Views on China

In this paper, the author has made a thorough study over the new generation of American China Watchers. Most of the pages are devoted to a detailed comparison between the old generation and the young generation of American China Watchers regarding to their background, education, and views over China. At the end of the paper, the author also gives some policy suggestions for both the Chinese and U.S. government based on the findings in this study.     

The Balance Between Coercion and Accommodation

1. Introduction
On the morning of April 1st, 2001, a U.S. EP-3 surveillance aircraft was conducting an intelligence flight along the Chinese territorial border in the airspace south-east of China＇s Hainan Island. Two Chinese fighter jets intercepted the spy plane and followed its flight, as is considered ordinary international practice. For reasons unknown, the EP-3 airplane made a sudden maneuver and crashed into one of the Chinese planes. The Chinese plane dropped into the sea, the pilot missing. The U.S. spy plane was also severely damaged. It intruded into Chinese territorial space and landed on Hainan Island without official permission from the Chinese side. After landing, the spy plane and 24 crew on board were detained by the Chinese authorities. This air collision episode was the first of its kind in the China-U.S. relations and an urgent diplomatic crisis ensued.     

Constitution of the Chinese Associa tion for Interna tiona l Understa nding(Approved by the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Executive Council on April 2, 2014)

正Chapter I General Rules Article 1 The Chinese Association for International Understanding is a national non-governmental organization(NGO)in the People’s Republic of China.Article 2 The official name of the Association is"Zhong Guo Guo Ji Jiao Liu Xie Hui"in Chinese,or"Jiao Liu Xie Hui"for short.Its English translation is"Chinese Association for International Understanding",and abbreviated as"CAFIU".     

Guide to Authors

正Published by China Institute of International Studies,China International Studies is China’s first English-language journal on diplomacy and international politics for formal circulation.The magazine mainly publishes the latest research achievements of Chinese scholars and specialists on China’s diplomacy,international politics and international relations under such columns as China’s Diplomacy,International Relations,International Politics,International Security,Regional Issues and World Economy.