Implications of DSM-5 Personality Traits for Forensic Psychology

One of the major innovations in the DSM-5 involves the introduction of evidence-based, dimensional approaches to diagnostic assessment. One way in which dimensions are being incorporated into the DSM-5 is in the form of a trait system that offers an alternative strategy for the diagnosis of personality disorders. The traits that comprise this system rest on the foundation of decades of quantitative research in personality and clinical psychology. Although they are conceptualized in the DSM-5 as primarily relevant to the diagnosis of personality disorder, emerging evidence suggests that these traits offer an evidence-based framework for organizing psychopathology more generally. For instance, trait approaches provide promising solutions to widely cited problems in clinical and forensic assessment such as diagnostic co-occurrence, heterogeneity, and arbitrary cut-offs. In this paper, rather than focusing specifically on the diagnosis of personality disorder, we review the rapidly emerging literature on the DSM-5 traits with special attention to their application beyond personality disorder diagnosis and their use and implications for forensic psychology.     

基因检测技术与基因隐私权法律保护

当前,基因检测引发的相关法律和道德问题备受争议。基因隐私权有别于一般隐私权,其有特定的内容、性质及特征,在犯罪DNA库建立、亲子鉴定、雇佣及保险过程中进行基因检测应严格遵循知情同意、知情选择及信息安全等原则,此外也要兼顾公众知情权。应当建立符合中国国情和技术发展的保护机制,以实现合理使用遗传信息与保护基因隐私权的利益平衡。     

开展司法鉴定能力验证 确保持续鉴定能力

本文论述了能力验证活动监控司法鉴定机构和司法鉴定人的持续鉴定能力在司法鉴定质量控制和司法鉴定行业管理中的重要价值,并从理论和实践上阐明了能力验证活动的类型、组织和实施方法。     

法医临床学能力验证中存在的问题及对策

本文对近年来法医临床学能力验证存在的主要问题,包括法医,临床学鉴定文书格式和内容,法医临床学鉴定常用技术标准的理解和常用技术方法的运用方面存在的问题进行了全面的分析,并且提出改进的措施和方法。旨在为参加能力验证的法医临床学鉴定机构不断改进,提高技术能力和技术水平提供帮助。     

Genetic Testing and Disability Insurance: An Alternative Opinion

As members of the Working Group on Genetic Testing in Disability Insurance, the authors of this alternative opinion describe their areas of disagreement with some of the conclusions in the paper written by Susan M. Wolf and Jeffrey P. Kahn.     

Proficiency Testing as a Basis for Estimating Uncertainty of Measurement: Application to Forensic Alcohol and Toxicology Quantitations

Abstract: While forensic laboratories will soon be required to estimate uncertainties of measurement for those quantitations reported to the end users of the information, the procedures for estimating this have been little discussed in the forensic literature. This article illustrates how proficiency test results provide the basis for estimating uncertainties in three instances: (i) For breath alcohol analyzers the interlaboratory precision is taken as a direct measure of uncertainty. This approach applies when the number of proficiency tests is small. (ii) For blood alcohol, the uncertainty is calculated from the differences between the laboratory’s proficiency testing results and the mean quantitations determined by the participants; this approach applies when the laboratory has participated in a large number of tests. (iii) For toxicology, either of these approaches is useful for estimating comparability between laboratories, but not for estimating absolute accuracy. It is seen that data from proficiency tests enable estimates of uncertainty that are empirical, simple, thorough, and applicable to a wide range of concentrations.     

Identifiler和Sinofiler试剂盒在亲权鉴定中的应用与评估

目的应用与评估Identifiler和Sinofiler试剂盒在亲权鉴定中的应用价值.方法应用五色荧光标记复合扩增系统对106例亲权鉴定的血样进行PCR扩增,用ABI 3100-Avant遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行毛细管电泳,用GeneMapper v3.2软件进行基因分裂,评估Identifiler和Sinofiler试剂盒在中国汉族人群中的适用性.结果在不排除的案例中Sinofiler比Identifiler具有较高的PI值,在排除的案例中Sinofiler比Identifiler具有较多的排除指标.结论 Sinofiler比Identifiler更适用于中国汉族人群的亲权鉴定.     

Forensic Discrimination of Dyed Hair Color: I. UV‐Visible Microspectrophotometry*†

Abstract: Current protocols for examining hair do not attempt to differentiate hair color using instrumental analysis. In this study, hair samples treated with 55 different red hair dyes were analyzed using UV‐visible microspectrophotometry between 200 and 700 nm. Using air as a background reference gave the best results, although mounting media such as glycerin could also be used. The contribution of the hair substrate is predominantly observed in the range of 300–400 nm while the dye peak is evident in the range of 425–550 nm. It was found that the presence of hair dye reduces the overall intrasample variability of the hair color. In addition, visual inspection and spectral interpretation showed that dyed hair exhibits distinct and discernable shades. The color of all samples was stable during storage and while all hair dyes fade with washing, significant fading of the color was only evident after daily washing for 3 weeks.     

代谢物组学及法医学新机遇——创建代谢物组学数据库及专家系统的设想

法医学DNA技术促成了法医学实践的一次飞跃,其建立的数据库策略为后续的研究提供了可贵的借鉴;2004年召开的人类基因组大会提出并肯定了代谢物组学的理论和技术,该技术相对于目前应用的其它技术并结合法医学的实践需要,具有更广阔的应用前景,本文借鉴DNA技术成功的经验,首次提议建立代谢物组学数据库及基于该数据库的专家系统,为解决目前法医学难以解决的难题,促成法医学继DNA技术之后新飞跃进行探索.     

Genetic Testing and the Future of Disability Insurance: Thinking about Discrimination in the Genetic Age

This article considers the future of genetic testing and disiblity insurance, and explores the potential for discrimination when using genetic information.     

多巴胺受体基因遗传多态性与精神分裂症的关联及法医学意义

精神分裂症是一种常见的多因子参与的复杂疾病,司法精神病学鉴定中对精神分裂症的涉及甚多,但无有效的生物学鉴定指标。研究表明,多巴胺神经递质功能紊乱可能在精神分裂症的发生及其主要症状中发挥重要作用。本文综述了多巴胺受体的分类、基因结构以及近年来关于多巴胺受体基因遗传多态性与精神分裂症的关联研究及其法医学意义。     

Psychotherapy for Psychological Injury: A Biopsychosocial and Forensic Perspective

This article reviews the predominant psychological approaches to therapy and other treatments in the field of psychological injury. Mostly, they concern cognitive behavior therapy and its variants. However, because of the simultaneous physical injuries or physiological effects that accompany these types of injury, practitioners should adopt an integrated biopsychosocial approach in treatment (Sperry, L., Treatment of chronic medical conditions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2006; Treatment of chronic medical conditions: Cognitive-behavioral therapy strategies and integrative treatment protocols. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2009). The paper presents a componential model of therapy that integrates the cognitive-behavioral, biopsychosocial, and forensic approaches. More research needs to be undertaken that takes into account the difficulties of conducting therapy with individuals who are expressing psychological injury. This will help in the quest to formulate evidence-based but flexible practice guidelines. The paper concludes with a model that may serve to scaffold the numerous psychotherapies that are available into a more coherent framework.