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1.
We examined mock jurors’ reactions to a sexual abuse case involving a male teacher and a 10-year-old child. Because gay men
are sometimes stereotyped as child molesters, we portrayed defendant sexual orientation as either gay or straight and the
victim as either a boy or girl. Jurors made more pro-prosecution decisions in cases involving a gay versus straight defendant,
particularly when the victim was a boy. In boy-victim cases, jurors’ emotional feelings of moral outrage toward the defendant
mediated these effects. On average, women jurors were more pro-prosecution than were men. Results have implications for understanding
social perceptions of cross- and same-gender child sexual abuse and juror decision making in child sexual assault cases perpetrated
by homosexual and heterosexual men.
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2.
Analyses were conducted to examine the extent of overlap and predictive strength of multiple forms of child maltreatment and
stressors internal and external to the family. Findings suggest a strong association between child maltreatment (physical
and sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence) and stressors (family conflict, personal problems of parents,
and external constraints on the family). After controlling for stressors, family socioeconomic status, and child gender, a
general construct of child maltreatment was predictive of internalizing and externalizing behaviors in adolescents. Specific
effects of child physical and sexual abuse were revealed in these longitudinal structural equation model tests.
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3.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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4.
Napier and Tyler (this issue) question whether moral convictions about outcomes really override the influence of procedural
fairness (PF) on fairness judgments and decision acceptance. The empirical answer to this question is “yes.” When people have
strong moral convictions about outcomes, perceptions of outcome fairness and decision acceptance are primarily shaped by whether
the morally “correct” outcomes are achieved. Pre-decision perceptions of PF have surprisingly little or no effect on these
judgments. That said, pre-outcome perceptions of PF sometimes predict post-outcome perceptions of PF, even when people have
morally vested outcome preferences. We provide further details supporting the validity and superiority of our data analytic
approach and argue that our original conclusions were justified.
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5.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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6.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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7.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
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9.
Psychiatric disorders of 142 parents of adolescents who were documented as physically abused during adolescence and 168 parents
of non-abused comparison adolescents were assessed. Fathers and mothers of physically abused adolescents exhibited higher
rates of Axis I diagnoses and co-occurring disorders, and had more impaired GAS scores than comparison parents. Fathers of
abused adolescents had greater lifetime incidence of Conduct Disorder and Substance Abuse/Dependence than comparison fathers.
Mothers of abused adolescents had more unipolar depressive disorders than comparison mothers. This study highlights the importance
of mental health assessments and interventions for parents of physically abused adolescents. Since onsets of parental psychiatric
disorders antedated the abuse, early recognition and treatment of parental disorders may contribute to prevention of the onset
and/or reoccurrence of adolescent physical abuse.
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10.
Despite the application of the MacCAT-CA to juveniles, questions been raised regarding the appropriateness of this tool for
adolescents. The current study tested for age-related measurement bias using data from the MacArthur Juvenile Adjudicative
Competence Study ( n = 1393). Five of the MacCAT-CA items showed age-related measurement bias (i.e., DIF) for adolescents aged 11–15, and three
items showed DIF for adolescents aged 16–17. Several items (e.g., understanding of juries) were more difficult for adolescents
than adults matched at the same latent level of capacity, suggesting that these items might underestimate adolescents’ legal
capacities. Contrary to expectations, there was little evidence of age-related measurement bias on the Appreciation scale.
The use of the MacCAT-CA in research and clinical settings is discussed.
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11.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
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12.
The tsunami crisis of 26 December 2004 in South and Southeast Asia brought out the best and worst behaviours of humankind.
The “worst behaviours”, some of which were criminal, should be taken as an important case study for criminology. The abuses
and offences that took place following the disaster were committed by both the victims and other parties involved either directly
or indirectly, e.g. authorities distributing donations and fundraisers. The tsunami provides a representative case study of
a natural disaster situation, and reflects much of the opportunistic behaviour of a significant section of humankind even
given the cost of human suffering. This paper discusses the reported “worst behaviours” or abuses and offences committed by
different groups and tries to provide explanations for such criminogenic behaviours. Social disorganisation theory and opportunity
theory will be discussed.
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13.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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14.
I attempt to describe the several costs that criminal theory would be forced to pay by adopting the view (currently fashionable
among moral philosophers) that the intentions of the agent are irrelevant to determinations of whether his actions are permissible
(or criminal).
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15.
Much of the criminal justice literature indicates that people’s support for harsh criminal sanctions such as the death penalty
is strongly related to their beliefs about deterrence and their beliefs about retribution. In this paper, using social dominance
theory as our organizing framework, we expand upon this literature by showing that social dominance orientation (SDO) is also
related to support for harsh criminal sanctions, as well as to deterrence and retribution beliefs. In addition, we show that
the relationships between SDO, on the one hand, and support for various forms of severe criminal sanctions, on the other,
are mediated by deterrence and retribution beliefs.
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16.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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17.
Changes in the juvenile justice system have led to more serious sanctioning of adolescents (Heilbrun, Goldstein, & Redding,
2005). A salient question for understanding whether such sanctions are appropriate pertains to whether adolescents are less mature
than adults in making decisions that lead to antisocial activity. The current study codes for psychosocial content of antisocial
decision making in adolescents (ages 12–17), young adults (18–23), and adults (ages 35–63). Results suggest that adolescents
and young adults display increased psychosocial content in their antisocial decision making relative to adults. However, the
unique effect of psychosocial content on self-report criminal behavior was significantly greater among adolescents than among
adults, whereas for young adults this was not the case. Implications for legal policy are discussed.
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18.
This article examines possible reasons for the dramatic rise in Chinese juvenile delinquency rates that have occurred since
the start of economic reform. The article focuses on the degree to which relatively recent modifications in the ideology and
practice of Chinese communism have engendered new social pressures and strains on young people. Delinquents’ social values
are compared with those of non-delinquent youth, drawing heavily from data collected in a longitudinal birth cohort study.
The dataset is assessed for evidence of subterranean values; i.e., subculture-based reflections of principles found within
the dominant political culture; based on the theory that youthful deviance and delinquency in China are fueled primarily by
the relatively rapid diffusion of often-contradictory market-based precepts. The lingering impact of Maoism is also assessed,
particularly with regard to incongruous ideological influences on youth.
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19.
This paper analyses insider trading behaviour around annual and interim earnings announcements during changing legislative
environments in Sweden from 1980 to 2003. Using a unique data set, we are able to explore the nature of insider trading patterns
from unregulated to strongly regulated insider trading markets. We find limited evidence of opportunistic insider trading.
Insiders seem to be reluctant to sell stocks before positive earnings announcements. They also tend to time their trades in
conjunction with an immediate post-announcement period, i.e. “safety trading”, which becomes more evident within stronger
legislation environments. Some support for contrarian trading behaviour is also found.
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20.
Although property lawyers and theorists were always interested in the legal doctrinal construction of property rights and
in political, moral, or economic justifications of property rights through the course of history, they very rarely looked
into possible psychological roots of property rights and the powers they entail. Similarly, psychologists (whether with a
focus on individual or social psychology) provide models for the explanation of a person’s behaviour and the social interactions
of humans, but they rarely touch upon property rights at all, and if so, only in brief passing comments. The one extensive
study on the social psychology of property appeared 75 years ago. This paper looks into modern research of individual and
social psychology and assesses whether some of the findings can be used to explain a psychological basis for the existence
and importance of property rights. That may also be a starting point for a modern interdisciplinary study in this area.
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