152例火场尸体的法医学检验分析

目的 探讨火场尸体的法医学检验特点及其鉴定。方法 对86起火场中152例尸体的相关检验资料进行回顾性研究。结果 152例火场尸体,生前烧死109例,纵火焚尸38例,无明显高温作用的尸体5例。主要死因有“烧死综合征”100例,火场有毒气体中毒8例,机械性损伤32例(含高坠死4例),机械性窒息5例,电击、服毒各1例;不能确定死因5例。自杀5例,他杀40例,意外107例。在生前烧死尸体,87例呼吸道内有炭末沉着,71例皮肤局部烧伤边缘组织有红肿,46例检见水泡,17例有“闭眼反应”征象,大部分尸体血中HbCO浓度超过20％;纵火焚尸少见或不见上述改变。结论 检验火场尸体,根据烧死尸体征象和血中HbCO浓度检测,并结合火场勘验资料综合分析,其死因鉴定和死亡方式推断结论方能准确。     

Postmortem evaluation of serum and urine neopterin concentrations

Cellular immune response is accompanied by the release of neopterin. Increased neopterin levels in urine and serum are observed in patients during viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and allograft rejections and certain malignant diseases. We investigated postmortem neopterin concentrations in urine and serum samples taken from 32 corpses 3 to 69 h (mean 19.3 h) after death. Urine neopterin concentrations in corpses are similar to those of healthy live controls and are independent of the time after death. In contrast, serum neopterin concentrations are frequently greatly increased in corpses, and the levels are higher in sera collected more than 10 h after death in comparison with samples obtained earlier. Neopterin measurement in urine and serum samples of corpses is feasible. It appears likely that urine neopterin concentrations could aid the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases in corpses.     

对冻死尸体血糖变化的研究

用分光光度计对10具冻死尸体、50具非冻死尸体、50名健康体检人的血糖及5只家兔冻死前后的血糖分别进行测定,测得的数据用统计学“方差分析”方法处理,结果为健康人男、女的血糖浓度、健康人与非冻死尸体血糖的浓度差异无显著性;冻死与非冻死血糖的浓度、冻死与健康人血糖的浓度差异有高度显著性;家兔在冻前与冻死后血糖浓度的差异有高度的显著性。结论为冻死尸体血糖明显升高,可以做为法医确定冻死的佐证之一。     

Towards a "crime pollen calendar" - pollen analysis on corpses throughout one year

A palynological study was carried out on 28 corpses brought in one year (June 2003-May 2004) to the morgue of the Institute of Legal Medicine of Parma (Northern Italy). This preliminary research focuses on the date of death, which was known for all corpses examined. Pollen sampling and analyses were made with the first aim of comparing the pollen grains found on corpses with those diffused in the atmosphere in the region in the same season as the known date of death. Eyebrows, hair-line near the forehead, facial skin and nasal cavities were sampled. Most of the corpses had trapped pollen grains, with the exception of two December corpses. All pollen grains were found with cytoplasm and in a good state of preservation. In this way, a series of reference data was collected for the area where the deaths occurred, and we examined whether pollen grains on corpses could be an index of the season of death. To verify this hypothesis, the pollen analyses were compared with data reported in the airborne pollen calendars of Parma and the region around. Pollen calendars record pollen types and their concentrations in the air, month by month. The quantity of pollen recorded on corpses did not prove to be directly related to the quantity of pollen in the air. But qualitatively, many pollen types which are seasonal markers were found on corpses. Main corpse/air discrepancies were also observed due to the great influence that the local environmental conditions of the death scene have in determining the pollen trapped by a corpse. Qualitative plus quantitative pollen data from corpses appeared helpful in indicating the season of death. A preliminary sketch of a "crime pollen calendar" in a synthetic graphic form was made by grouping the corpse pollen records into three main seasons: A, winter/spring; B, spring/summer; C, summer/autumn. Trends match the general seasonal trend of pollen types in the air.     

联合应用多个DNA位点进行尸源鉴定

目的　研究联合应用多个DNA位点在尸源鉴定方面的应用价值。方法　应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离及银染显带的方法通过对无名尸体的有关检材与可疑双亲或子女进行亲权鉴定。结果　在 80例刑事案件尸源鉴定中 ,38例无名尸体采用较新鲜肌肉 ,通过扩增VNTR、STR多个位点得以判明尸源 ;2 9例采用腐败肌肉、 6例采用骨骼和 2例采用牙齿 ,通过扩增多个STR位点判明了尸源。仅有 1例采用腐败肌肉、 2例采用骨骼未能确定尸源。结论　运用多个位点进行亲权方法可以准确地判明尸源鉴定 ,特别对高度腐败尸体、尸块不全等情况下的尸源鉴定具有很高的实用价值     

电击死心肌肌红蛋白的免疫组化研究

作者应用ABC法对电击致死组与对照组心肌肌红蛋白（Myoglobin，Mb）进行免疫组化研究，同时以常规H．E染色作比较．结果发现：ABC法染色时，对照组心肌Mb呈小灶性脱失，电击致死组心肌Mb是片状脱失伴Mb颗粒弥散至心肌间质。表明电击致死者心肌友生缺血性损伤。此结果可为电击致死者的法医学检验提供辅助诊断依据。     

Use of radiographs in the forensic autopsy

The X-ray examination of corpses is a most useful tool in the field of medicolegal diagnostics. Sometimes the cause of death can already be seen before autopsy. The following modes of application are reviewed: search for foreign bodies, identification of poison, air-embolism, pneumothorax, air-filled lungs and gastro-intestinal organs in new-borns, diagnosis of tuberculosis in corpses, visibility of hidden fractures, structure of bones as a factor of biomechanical load capacity, identification and determination of age and experimental research with corpses.     

Distribution of ethyl glucuronide in rib bone marrow, other tissues and body liquids as proof of alcohol consumption before death

Postmortem ethyl glucuronide (EtG) concentrations in rib bone marrow, liver, muscle, fat tissue, urine, blood and bile have been determined by LC-MS/MS. Samples have been taken from twelve corpses during autopsies. In nine corpses EtG could be detected, corresponding blood ethanol concentrations (BAC) were 0.04-0.37 g%. In three cases, no EtG was found; two of these cases showed postmortem BACs - possibly due to putrefaction - of 0.01 and 0.1g%. In rib bone marrow, which is easily accessible during autopsy, EtG concentrations (0.77-9.36 microg/g) have been lower than in blood (2.24-20.46 microg/mL) in eight of nine cases and comparable or higher than in muscle tissue. Therefore, rib bone marrow has been found suitable as matrix for EtG determination. The highest EtG concentrations have been found in urine in all but one case, where the resorption of ethanol had been incomplete. Second highest EtG concentrations have been detected in liver samples. In two cases with putrefaction, EtG could not be detected. In these cases, the detectable ethanol might have been produced partially or in total by postmortem fermentation. However, instability of EtG during putrefaction cannot be totally excluded which might result in a total loss of EtG.     

Taphonomy of child-sized remains: a study of scattering and scavenging in Virginia, USA

Child-sized pig carcasses (Sus scrofa) were placed in surface deposit and buried scenarios in a wooded area of Virginia from May 1998 through December 2000, to examine the taphonomic effects of decompositional changes, predator scavenging, and the extent of remains scattering. Changes were observed through on-site examination, charting of remains, and recorded video imaging. Analysis of data revealed that utilization of corpses as food sources by vertebrates was dependent upon invertebrate colonization. Vertebrates avoided feeding on the corpses while invertebrate colonization was active, and would feed before invertebrates successfully colonized a corpse, or would wait until the invertebrate populations migrated away from the corpse. Among vertebrates, there was no apparent succession order for the animals utilizing the remains as a food source. Different vertebrates would feed at different times based upon diurnal or nocturnal predilection. Analysis noted an accidental cooperative relationship between the invertebrates and vertebrates scavenging on the corpses. Certain vertebrates gained access to the internal tissues by utilizing openings in the corpses caused by invertebrate and other vertebrate scavenging. Alternately, carrion-frequenting insects were afforded access to previously inaccessible colonization sites as a result of scavenging vertebrate activities.     

Practicability of the mobile one-finger scanner Cross Match MV5 in fingerprinting of corpses: are mobile fingerprinting scanners suitable for use in mass disasters?

Dactyloscopy is a special field in the police records department and a suitable means for identifying unknown dead persons as well as solving crimes by taking fingerprints from living persons. Apart from the conventional methods of dactyloscopy, mobile and more compact instruments are to facilitate taking prints of fingertips and palms also at the scene of mass disasters. In the presented study, living persons and corpses were examined to find out the possible uses and limits of mobile one-finger scanners. The concrete issue of the investigation was whether the mobile one-finger scanner Cross Match MV5 is suitable for application in mass disasters. The device was used in 12 corpses aged 5 weeks to 76 years (mean postmortem interval 5.5 days) and in 28 living persons aged 6 weeks to 87 years. In summary, the scanner produced qualitatively good prints in all age groups of the living individuals. In the corpses, the prints were only partly evaluable. In particular, fingers and fingertips with soot blackening and livid discoloration were difficult to analyse. Postmortem rigidity also complicated the handling of the scanner. In fresh corpses, the scanner can be recommended without reservation. Even if the epidermis was detached, the scanner was able to produce evaluable prints of the dermis of the hypothenar.     

联合应用多个DNA位点进行尸源鉴定

目的 研究联合应用多个ＤＮＡ位点在尸源鉴定方面的应用价值。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离及银染显带的方法通过对无名尸休的有关检材与可疑双亲或子女进行亲权鉴定。结果 在８０例刑事案件尸源鉴定中,３８例无名尸体采用较新鲜肌肉,通过扩增ＶＮＴＲ、ＳＴＲ多个位点得以判明尸源;２９例采用腐败肌肉、６例采用骨骼和２例采用牙齿,通过扩增多个ＳＴＲ位点判明了尸源。仅有１例采用腐败肌肉、２     

人体组织ABO血型检测方法的研究

探讨人体组织ABO血型检测方法。对已知ABO血型尸体的不同组织,用红细胞粘连试验、吸收—抑制试验和吸收－解离试验进行ABO血型测定。12例尸体的16种组织中均检出与尸体血痕相同的ABH物质。对不同温度保存的组织块进行ABH物质检测的结果显示,4℃保存的组织ABH物质的检出时间长于室温,空腔脏器的检出时间短于实质脏器。三种方法中,红细胞粘连试验简单易行,适用于基层单位,吸收－抑制试验用于组织块的测定时优于吸收－解高试验。     

Weal-formation by Utrica Dioica. An intravital reaction? (author's transl)]

The question concerning the intravital and postmortal mechanism of urticarial weal after contact with nettles (urtica dioica) was investigated in corpses, animal experiments and voluntary trials. No nettle weals could be induced in corpses or postmortally in experiments with albino rats (Witstar Strain). When animals were exposed to nettle-stings immediately before decapitation only 2 od 12 rats developed weals postmortally. However, the diameter of such weals was only 30% of that of weals produced intravitally. After Application of a tourniquet (180 - 200 mm Hg) to test persons no weals were formed after contact with nettles in a period of 10 minutes. As soon as the tourniquet was released weal-formation occured in full extent in most test persons. According to the authors opinion the occurence of nettle weals (urtica dioica) in corpses is therefore considered a local intravital reaction.     

The use of either the nose or outer ear as a means of determining the postmortem period of a human corpse.

Presented in this paper are the initial results involving the use of the nose or outer ear as temperature measurement sites to determine the postmortem period of the human corpse. Simple mathematical models for both sites are developed based on cooling curves of five corpses. Analysis of errors between actual and calculated postmortem intervals suggest that in its present form, the described methods would not be suitable for use in accurately determining the time since death of human corpses.     

Cardic death and apoptosis of myocardium

TdT-mediated Dutp nick end labeling (TUNEL) method was applied to detect apoptosis of myocardium of corpses dying from cardiac death. For arteriosclerotic coronary heart death, diffused apoptosis was observed around the border zones of histologically infarcted myocardium, and in the epithelial and smooth muscle of arteries. Few apoptosis cells were present for hypertensive heart death, and none for corpses dying from falling and hanging. Myocardium apoptosis may provide a new target for heart failure.     

Prognosis of basic somatic characteristics of humans in expert examination of fragments of human body

To develop a method of assessing human body somatometric parameters by its fragmentation, we used individual data on the series G. van Vark (1975) from corpses of 62 males and 39 females aged from 23 to 95 years. Statistical processing with SPSS package calculated regression equations allowing prediction of head size, length of the upper and lower limbs and their segments. The data can be used in forensic medicine in expert examination of dismembered corpses and in emergency situations with mass human victims.     

三维螺旋CT在机械性损伤尸体检验中的价值

目的应用三维螺旋CT对尸体进行检验,探索其对机械性损伤尸体的诊断能力及其优势,同时积累尸体CT检验的经验。方法对机械性损伤致死的10例尸体在解剖前行全身CT检验,随后在CT诊断的指导下进行尸体解剖,比较两者在损伤的诊断、显示效果方面的差异。结果尸体CT检验可以清晰显示身体各部位骨折及体腔内出血的三维形态特征,而且可以敏感的检查到全身各部位的积气,对于非常规解剖暴露的部位,在解剖前行CT检验可减少骨折的漏诊;对软组织内出血、器官破裂等未能形成明显X线密度差异的损伤,CT检验效果欠佳。结论对机械性损伤尸体的检验,CT有其特殊的价值,可作为尸体解剖前有效的补充,避免损伤的漏诊;对于某些无法进行尸体解剖的案件,CT检验所见可作为死亡原因判断以及致伤方式推断的参考依据。     

扫描电镜/能谱观察溺死和死后入水的法医学应用研究

目的探讨扫描电镜/能谱分析在溺死的法医学鉴定中的作用。方法实验选用20例已知生前入水尸体,11例已知的死后入水尸体和2例陆地死亡尸体。在每个肺叶各取3个切面,每个切面用扫描电镜取样台胶面与肺叶的切面充分接触,另在落水地点取水样一份,进行对比。扫描电镜取样台胶在切面上充分接触后封闭取材盒,真空干燥后,直接在扫描电镜下进行观察。结果20例生前入水尸体在肺组织中均检出异物颗粒,并且与对照水样中检出的异物颗粒相吻合;而死后入水的尸体和在陆地上死亡的尸体肺组织中均未检出明显的异物颗粒,3者比较P<0.0001。在肺组织支气管切面中,生前入水的20例中有15例检出异物颗粒,在边缘肺切面及中间切面中分别有13例检出异物颗粒,统计学无明显差异。结论本实验建立的肺脏内异物颗粒取材方法准确可靠实用。对综合判断案件的性质,判断溺死尸体入水地点的具有积极意义。较好地解决了实验室检验中的污染问题。腐败尸体对检测结果无影响。     

Histopathologic criteria of primary and secondary brain stem lesions

The brain stems from 52 corpses were microscopically examined. These cases died as a result of closed head injuries, which were clinically diagnosed and/or diagnosed postmortem as primary brain stem lesions. The morphological changes in these cases were compared with morphological changes in the brain stems of corpses who died from cerebral hemorrhage with additional secondary brain stem lesions. The examinations revealed acidophilic necrosis of the vessel walls in brain stem hemorrhages with fibrin impregnation of the vessel walls. Fibrin penetration to the perivascular space was the basic morphological marker that helped to differentiate between these two groups of cases.     

Sexual attraction to corpses: a psychiatric review of necrophilia

The authors review 122 cases (88 from the world literature and 34 unpublished cases) manifesting necrophilic acts or fantasies. They distinguish genuine necrophilia from pseudonecrophilia and classify true necrophilia into three types: necrophilic homicide, "regular" necrophilia, and necrophilic fantasy. Neither psychosis, mental retardation, nor sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. The most common motive for necrophilia is possession of an unresisting and unrejecting partner. Necrophiles often choose occupations that put them in contact with corpses. Some necrophiles who had occupational access to corpses committed homicide nevertheless. Psychodynamic themes, defense mechanisms, and treatment for this rare disorder are discussed.