婚姻法修改中几个争议问题的探讨

本文对婚姻法修改中几个有争议的问题进行了理论探讨 ,指出 :共同财产制更能反映婚姻的本质和特征 ,我国法定夫妻财产制应由夫妻共同财产和夫妻个人特有财产两部分构成 ;约定夫妻财产制应从其功能出发选择立法模式 ;改“夫妻感情确已破裂”为“婚姻关系确已破裂”作为判决离婚的理由 ,这一改变不意味着放宽离婚条件或增加离婚难度 ,离婚与社会稳定之间没有直接关系。     

FAMILIES IN TRANSITION

This article describes one of the first mandatory divorce orientations in the country. Beginning in 1976, this program has served as the model for other highly successful programs throughout North America. The program helps couples deal with the psychological and social divorces as well as the legal divorce. It also provides information for parents about how to tell their children and to monitor the effect of divorce on their children's lives.     

When every relationship is above average

Marriage license applicants and law students were surveyed about their knowledge of divorce statutes, knowledge of the demographics of divorce, and expectations for their own marriage. Both groups had largely incorrect perceptions of the legal terms of the marriage contract as embodied in divorce statutes, but they had relatively accurate, if sometimes optimistic, perceptions of both the likelihood and the effects of divorce in the population at large. These same individuals expressed thoroughly idealistic expectations about both the longevity of their own marriages and the consequences should they personally be divorced. Increasing individuals' knowledge of divorce statutes through a course on family law did not diminish this unrealistic optimism. Both groups largely approved of the existing divorce statutes, although there was substantial agreement about a few important respects in which the laws should be changed. These findings suggest that the sense of unfairness and surprise that frequently attend divorce may be a result of systematic cognitive biases rather than of a lack of information about divorce.     

婚姻关系的法理阐释——重读马克思《论离婚法草案》而感发

科学揭示婚姻关系的本质属性是婚姻立法与司法的理论前提。马克思在《论离婚法草案》中指明了婚姻关系乃是世俗社会的伦理关系 ,它的外在表现形式便是家庭这一“伦理实体” ;婚姻法律制度则是婚姻这种基本伦理关系的承认与保护。由婚姻关系的伦理本质所决定 ,关于离婚的立法原则应当以现实社会的普遍伦理价值为标准 ,并具体化为离婚成立的诸种客观条件 ,从而使司法在离婚案件上的功能更多地由立法来承担。     

分居制度研究

各国关于夫妻分居的法律规定,有不同立法体例和类型,参酌国外及 港台地区的分居立法,根据我国实际情况,关于我国建立分居制度的立法构想应是： 采用英美法系立法体例,即分居程序宜简单,由分居到离婚,相对从严;分居制度与离 婚制度并存;分居的法定理由和事实理由相结合;协议分居与诉讼分居并举;分居的 法律效力主要涉及夫妻关系、子女关系两方面;当事人死亡、和解或离婚,分居终止。     

中国内地与香港诉讼离婚法律制度比较研究

香港在法律渊源上属于普通法系,现行法律主要沿用英国法律.其<婚姻诉讼条例>关于离婚法定理由、离婚条件、离婚限制、离婚的诉讼程序及法律效力等方面均与内地婚姻法有着很大区别.在香港回归祖国后,两地居民通婚的情形日渐趋多,由此带来的婚姻家庭纠纷也日益凸现,如何协调两地因法律规定的差异所生"司法冲突",是今后一段时间内两地法律界需认真探讨的问题.     

论中国民法典婚姻家庭编的立法理念与制度新规

《民法典》婚姻家庭编的编纂,根据加强国家对婚姻家庭的保护、倡导重视家庭文明建设、尊重婚姻家庭当事人的意思自治、注重夫妻婚姻家庭地位的平等、注重儿童最大利益原则的贯彻、注意保护婚姻家庭弱者的权益等立法理念,新增或修改补充了24项制度或规则,主要包括:在"一般规定"章中,新增婚姻家庭受国家保护原则,增设婚姻家庭文明建设的倡导性规定,确立最有利于被收养人原则,界定亲属的种类、近亲属和家庭成员的范围;在"结婚"章中,减少禁止结婚和无效婚姻的法定事由,修改补充可撤销婚姻制度,新增重大疾病的如实告知义务、婚姻无效或被撤销无过错方的损害赔偿请求权;在"家庭关系"章中,新增夫妻家事代理权及其限制规则、夫妻共同债务认定规则、婚内析产规则、亲子关系的确认与否认之诉规则;在"离婚"章中,新增离婚冷静期、婚姻关系解除的时间,补充诉讼离婚准予离婚的法定事由、离婚时处理子女抚养问题规则、离婚夫妻共同财产分割原则,修改离婚经济补偿、离婚经济帮助的适用条件,增加离婚损害赔偿法定事由的兜底条款;在"收养"章中,放宽被收养人的年龄和收养子女的人数限制,修改收养人的条件,增加收养评估规则等。     

The Economics of the Grounds for Divorce in Great Britain

Despite similarities in their socio-economic environments and the provision of identical legal grounds for divorce, England & Wales is dominated by fault divorce decrees whereas no-fault divorce dominates in Scotland. Indeed, during the past fifteen years, the shares of fault and no-fault divorce have increasingly diverged across these two regions. The paper proposes an explanation for this remarkable contrast based on cost incentives generated by procedural and legal interventions within the respective legal systems. In particular, the introduction of the Simplified Procedure in Scotland and the reduction in the time bar to divorce in England & Wales are key causal factors.     

Safeguarding Children's Welfare in Non‐Contentious Divorce: Towards a New Conception of the Legal Process?

This article considers the working of the current procedure intended to ensure the welfare of children when their parents divorce but are not seeking any orders relating to them. It shows that the process is ineffective in safeguarding children's welfare and is not geared to ensuring that their wishes and feelings are taken into account. It argues that the focus of policy should shift away from assuming that the legal system can handle the problems of divorce, towards using the legal process as a point of contact through which families can be offered the full range of services they may need during relationship breakdown.     

Mediation,financial remedies,information provision and legal advice: the post-LASPO conundrum*

The near-total collapse in numbers of solicitors providing legal advice and assistance to publicly-funded clients attempting to settle private family law issues through mediation since the legal aid reforms implemented in 2013 raises important questions about how, if at all, clients in mediation can receive legal information and advice other than from lawyers in financial cases following divorce. This article explores, in a preliminary way, this aspect of mediation practice, drawing on small-scale qualitative data from a study conducted shortly prior to the legal aid reforms concerning the settlement of such cases. It explores how mediators then approached their (permissible) function of providing clients with legal information and how they dealt with cases where they felt that the proposed outcome was particularly unfair to one party or unlikely to be endorsed by a court, and asks how mediation practice – and legal practice – may come under pressure to change in this brave new world.     

Impact of procedural factors on perceived justice in divorce settlements

We used a decision-making conceptual framework from family resource management combined with procedural justice frameworks from social psychology to (i) articulate the elements and rules of procedural fairness, (ii) develop a theoretical organization and code to include procedural fairness principles as applied to legal decision processes in divorce, and (iii) describe the perceptions of divorcing parties about the violations of procedural fairness principles in their own divorce process. Procedural fairness principles included accuracy, consistency, ethicality, bias suppression, correctability, and representativeness. Results of qualitative data analyses were consistent with experimental studies in that divorced people were concerned with fair procedures and particularly with violations of the principles of ethicality, consistency, accuracy, and representativeness.     

THE COLLABORATIVE DIVORCE PROJECT: A Court-Based Intervention for Separating Parents with Young Children

The role the legal process of separation and divorce plays in affecting outcomes for young children and their families was examined in the Collaborative Divorce Project (CDP), an intervention designed to assist the parents of children six years old or younger as they begin the separation/divorce process (married and unmarried couples). Evaluation and outcome data were collected from 161 couples, their attorneys, teachers, and court records. In addition to positive evaluations from both parents, intervention families benefited through lower conflict, greater father involvement, and better outcomes for children than the control group. Attorneys and court records indicate that intervention families were more cooperative and were less likely to need custody evaluations and other costly services. The CDP illustrates how prevention programs can be located within the courts, can be systematically evaluated, and can aid in helping the legal system function optimally for families with young children.     

假结婚、假离婚与错结婚的认定和处理

婚姻法只规定了四种法定无效情形和一种可撤销婚姻。对于假结婚、假离婚与错结婚争睛形如何认定和处理，没有法律规定，实践中往往适用民法总则无效民事效力行为的规定，将其认定为无效婚姻。这是错误的，婚姻有效与无效有其独立的评判规则，不能适用适用民法总则。因而，假结婚、假离婚与错结婚一般不能认定其行为无效。     

Not Ozzie and Harriet: Postwar Divorce and the American Liberal Welfare State

This article analyzes divorce as a technology of governance in twentieth-century America in order to examine the emergence of a rights-based liberal welfare-state regime during the postwar era. The author offers an interpretation of the post–World War II "divorce boom" that challenges prevailing notions of postwar domestic tranquillity and highlights the legal formalization of family relations and the administration of the developing welfare state. The article posits an important shift in postwar public policy regarding divorce from the policing of public morality through family preservation to the regulation of public welfare through family structures. The legal consequences of this shift are explored at the local level by focusing on the "problem" of the Chicago divorce courts and the frustrated attempts of postwar reformers in Illinois to employ the traditional methods and rhetoric of Progressive Era reform. At the national level, the author examines the formulation of new governmental objectives and individual rights in the liberal welfare-state regime through an analysis of the United States Supreme Court's'decisions regarding migratory divorce.     

Economic origins of the no-fault divorce revolution

Richard Posner argues that late twentieth-century divorce-law reform rendered marital relationships in the United States increasingly contractual in nature. Chief among such reforms was the no-fault divorce revolution: the widespread switch in states’ legal regimes from fault-based, mutual-consent divorce to no-fault based, unilateral divorce, which swept across America in the 1970s. While a growing literature considers the no-fault divorce revolution’s effects on divorce rates, almost no work considers its causes. Taking Posner’s observation as its starting point, this paper develops testable hypotheses relating to the potential origins of no-fault divorce reforms in the US.     

论建立夫妻间侵权责任制度

夫妻间侵权责任具有与一般侵权责任不同的特征。我国建立夫妻侵权责任制度既有必要又有可能。构建我国夫妻间侵权责任制度,需要一般侵权行为法与亲属法、婚内侵权责任与离婚侵权责任相结合,明确侵权行为范围,合理确定侵权行为造成的损害,建立以赔偿损失为主要方式、财产责任和非财产责任相结合的责任体系,正确界定侵权责任主体和请求权主体,限定请求权行使的期间。     

我国离婚损害赔偿制度之缺陷

通过具体案例,分析阐述了我国离婚损害赔偿制度在司法适用中存在的瑕疵,诸如,损害赔偿的权利主体和义务主体范围太小;能够提起损害赔偿的范围过窄;举证难度太大;赔偿数额不够明确等等,并探讨了实践中尚存争议的一些问题.     

离婚案件的心理调解研究

婚姻法规定离婚案件应当进行调解,但由于离婚案件除了涉及法律问题以外,更多地还会涉及到家庭伦理、情感和道德等问题。鉴于这类案件的特殊性以及法官在知识结构上的局限性,心理学方法的介入应当会从根本上提高离婚案件调解的质量,从而提高该类案件调解的成功率。主要针对当前我国离婚案件调解问题的现状提出诉讼离婚心理调解的概念,论述诉讼离婚心理调解的必要性和可行性。     

陕甘宁边区高等法院推行婚姻自由原则的实践与经验

陕甘宁边区的婚姻立法,确立了“男女婚姻自由”的原则。在司法实践中,陕甘宁边区高等法院通过对婚约的适度保护,对离婚自由的适当限制,尤其是对童养媳的坚决取缔以及对寡妇再嫁的支持和保护,使婚姻自由原则与陕甘宁边区的社会实际相互契合。陕甘宁边区高等法院司法档案,为我们考察陕甘宁边区处理婚姻纠纷的实践与经验,提供了可能。在司法实践中,一项具体的法律原则所包含的内容,应当与特定时期的政治、经济、文化状况保持一致,并随着社会的发展进步,灵活地予以调整。司法档案具有帮助理解法律存在的社会基础、反映制定法命运、解读立法内涵的作用。     

私营经济家庭夫妻财产关系的若干法律问题探讨

从我国私营经济家庭财产关系的实际出发,根据我国婚姻法及相关司法解释的规定,探讨了该类家庭中夫妻从事生产经营所得收益的归属、离婚时的财产分割、共同债务的清偿三大问题,提出了作者的相应的立法和司法完善建议。