Enzyme activities of leukocytes in skin cut wounds with various wound ages

A study was carried out on leukocyte enzyme activity from prints of skin cut wounds of guinea pigs at various time intervals after the injury. The following enzymes were examined: alkaline and acid phosphatase, succinate, lactate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Cytochemical analysis revealed a rapid increase in enzyme activity in the 4th h after the wound occurred, which can be explained by the alteration in leukocyte metabolism induced by the damaging agent, i.e., the skin trauma inflicted. The rise in lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is the most characteristic feature. In accordance with these changes in enzyme activity, some conclusions can be made about certain intracellular alterations. There is a close relationship between the course and the degree of these cellular changes and the time interval between the injury and examination of the enzyme activity. These changes make it possible to draw conclusions concerning the vital character and the interval after inflicting as well.     

损伤皮肤酯酶显微定位、定量与损伤时间推断

作者用显微分光光度计扫描法,对32只 Hartly 豚鼠的实验性损伤以及8例人体损伤的皮肤组织中的酯酶,进行定位、定量研究。发现生前损伤后,创壁0.4mm 以内真皮胶原纤维等间质即刻出现酯酶着色,存活时间越长,着色就越深、范围越大。生前各时间组互相间有显著差异。所有的生前损伤组创缘酯酶含量及平均单位面积酶含量与正常皮肤及死后损伤组差别均极显著。人体损伤皮肤组织酯酶定位及含量变化与豚鼠所见一致。因此,作者认为损伤皮肤酯酶定位定量分析以推断损伤后存活时间,已可应用于法医实际案例鉴定中。作者还根据对抑制剂的反应认为创缘真皮胶原纤维上所显示的酯酶为 B-酯酶。     

Fn—EⅢA金标单克隆抗体试纸条的试制和初步应用

目的开发可用于法医病理学损伤时间推断临案的金标Fn-EⅢA单克隆抗体试纸条.方法选取两种敏感、特异的片段特异性Fn-EⅢA单克隆抗体,ELISA方法进行效价观察,标记胶体金后分别采用渗滤法及层析法检测其效果,抽提阳性对照中目标蛋白进行初步测评,并以大鼠皮肤损伤模型进行验证.结果两种单克隆抗体均可用于Fn-EⅢA肽段的金标法检测,以IST9搭配Fn多抗效果最佳;正常皮肤组织样本中试纸条检测线不显色,损伤3h后显色,随损伤时间延长,染色逐渐加深.结论该试纸条可靠性、可重复性以及可操作性均佳,可望在法医学损伤时间推断有广阔的应用.     

不同损伤时间大鼠皮肤切创 Fos表达研究

目的研究皮肤切创在伤后不同时间段 Fos的表达 . 方法在大鼠皮肤切创模型石蜡切片上进行 Fos免疫组化染色 . 结果伤后 10min, 表达量开始增高 , 伤后 3h达高峰 , 以后又逐渐降低 , 至损伤 1d后 , 表达量与对照组无显著性差别 . 结论 Fos为皮肤伤后的敏感指标 , 但需结合其他指标综合评价 .     

纤维连接蛋白额外结构域异型体的法医学应用

纤维连接蛋白额外结构域原为胚胎时期高表达的同源结构域,多数组织随发育至成年后在基因转录后加工过程中已逐渐剪去该区域,然而近年来发现,在机体损伤、疾病、肿瘤等状态下此“幼稚型”片段重新高表达,其功能的特殊性已引起广泛关注。在法医学损伤时间研究中应用此特性,使研究指标从量变型转为质变型,具有极强的实用意义。     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中磷酸化 p38MAPK 表达及其与时间的相关性

目的探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区磷酸化p38MAPK(p-p38MAPK)的表达情况,以及不同损伤时间p-p38MAPK的变化规律。方法应用免疫组织化学和Westernblot的方法检测33例小鼠皮肤切创后各个时间段p-p38MAPK表达情况。结果正常组织中有少量的p-p38MAPK表达。伤后3～12h损伤区p-p38MAPK主要表达于中性粒细胞中,1～5dp-p38MAPK阳性表达主要为单核细胞和成纤维细胞。7～14dp-p38MAPK阳性表达主要以成纤维细胞为主。阳性细胞率3～12h逐渐升高,1d有所下降,3、5d阳性细胞率保持在高水平,7～14d阳性细胞率逐渐降低。Westernblot显示各个时间段均有p-p38MAPK的表达。其中12h和3d为2个p-p38MAPK含量的高峰。结论在小鼠切创愈合过程中p-p38MAPK在损伤区对诱导中性粒细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞的凋亡起重要的作用,同时p-p38MAPK的规律性表达可用于损伤时间的推断。     

Localization and quantification of the nonspecific esterase in injured skin for timing of wounds.

Histochemical quantification of the nonspecific esterase (NSE) in injured skin was performed using histochemical demonstration of the enzyme and a microspectrophotometric scanning technique on specimens taken from 32 Hartley guinea-pigs and 8 cases of human skin wounds. In all antemortem incisions and lacerations, including those made at the agonal stage, NSE activity could be observed in the dermal tissue of the wound edge. The enzyme activity increases with the antemortem duration of the injuries. Both total content and mean concentration of NSE in the wound edge between antemortem and postmortem wound groups differ significantly (less than 0.01). Multiple range test shows that significant differences (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) of total content of NSE in the wound edge also exist in 0-5 min, 15-30 min, 1-h, 2-h and 4-h antemortem incised wound groups and in 0-min, 5-min, 15-30 min, 1-h and 4-h antemortem laceration groups. The positive NSE reactions in 8 cases of human skin wounds were similar. The study indicates that histochemical quantification of NSE in injured skin is very useful in timing wounds and is exactly applicable in medicolegal practice. According to the different influences of inhibitors on enzymes, it was inferred that the enzyme activity in wound edges was due to B-esterase.     

The chemical action of gun powder gases on biological tissues in a point-blank shot]

Chemical effect of gun powder gas on the biologic tissues manifests by red-brown staining of the tissues, mainly at the expense of methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. Scarlet staining of the tissues at the edges of gun-shot wounds is not a specific marker of a shot made from a short distance; it may emerge several hours after wounding at the expense of hydroxy-hemoglobin and is not at all related to the chemical effect of gun powder gas. The conditions conducive to scarlet staining are an open wound permitting free oxygenation by air oxygen and hemoglobin transfer from the injured red cells into blood plasma and adjacent tissues.     

皮肤切创组织IL—2、TNF—α时间相关性表达的ELISA分析

目的了解细胞因子在创伤及修复过程中的表达的含量变化与损伤时间的关系。方法用免疫酶联吸附方法(ELISA)检测不同损伤时间(生前伤0.5～168h)实验动物皮肤切创组织中IL-2和TNF-a的表达水平。结果IL-2、TNF-a在造创后0.5h即升高,并分别在造创后3h和1h到达峰值,在造创后48h均有反弹,在72h和168h持续升高。结论上述细胞因子在创口修复中的蛋白表达水平呈时间相关性特点。     

A study on the vital reaction in wounded skin: simultaneous determination of histamine and polyamines in injured rat skin by high-performance liquid chromatography

This paper describes a modified method of simultaneous quantitative determination of histamine and polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine) in incised skin wounds of rats using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a strong-cation exchange column, shim-pack ISC-05/S0504P, employing a linear gradient of 0.7-2.5 M sodium chloride. There was scarcely any change in the histamine content of the vital wounds throughout the one week experimental period, although content decreased slightly in 1-h-old wounds. On the other hand, concentrations of putrescine and spermidine increased suddenly 12 h after wounding, and spermine content increased slightly in 4-day-old wounds. There was no post-mortem change in the histamine, spermidine and spermine contents of vital wounds allowed to stand at 25 degrees C up to 24 h after death. Based on these results, this HPLC method may be useful for the determination of wound age during the period of healing.     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中p-JNK变化及其与时间的相关性

目的 探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区磷酸化JNK（p-JNK）的变化及不同损伤时间p-JNK的变化规律。方法 应用免疫组织化学和Westernblot方法检测小鼠皮肤切创后各个时间段p-JNK的变化情况。结果 正常组织中有少量p-JNK阳性着色。伤后3～12h损伤区p-JNK阳性着色主要在中性粒细胞,1～5dp-JNK阳性着色主要为单核细胞和成纤维细胞,7～14dp-JNK阳性着色以成纤维细胞为主。阳性细胞率3h～1d逐渐增高,1d达到峰值,3～5d有所下降,7d阳性细胞率达第二峰值。10～14d逐渐降低。Westernblot显示各个时间段均有p-JNK的阳性条带,其中12h和3d为p-JNK含量的2个高峰。结论 小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中p-JNK在损伤区对诱导中性粒细胞、单核细胞和成纤维细胞的凋亡起非常重要的作用。同时P-JNK的规律性变化可用于损伤时间推断。     

小鼠皮肤切创黏着斑激酶和磷酸化黏着斑激酶的表达及其变化规律

目的研究小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,黏着斑激酶（focal adhesion kinase,FAK）和磷酸化黏着斑激酶（phospho—FAK,p—FAK）在损伤区及损伤周边区内的表达及其变化规律。方法应用免疫组织化学染色技术和免疫印迹（Western blot）方法观察小鼠背部切创后损伤区及损伤周边区FAK及p-FAK的表达情况。结果伤后3h,FAK和p-FAK主要表达于多核粒细胞;伤后6～24h,主要表达于大部分浸润的多核粒细胞和单核细胞;伤后3～14d。主要表达于单核细胞和成纤维细胞。伤后FAK的阳性细胞率逐渐增高．于3d达到高峰．随后迅速下降;伤后p-FAK的阳性细胞率也逐渐增加,于12h达到高峰,之后逐渐下降。Westernblot结果显示,正常皮肤中FAK及P—FAK均有表达。FAK表达强度变化不是十分明显,但仍可见在3d时含量达到最高。p-FAK蛋白含量伤后逐渐增加．12h表达最强,随后逐渐下降。结论在小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中,FAK和p-FAK阳性细胞率呈时间规律性变化．可用于皮肤切创损伤时间的推断。p-FAK呈现出明显的时间规律性变化,说明作为皮肤损伤时间的推断指标要优于FAK。     

小鼠皮肤切创后不同时间的Tenascin免疫组化染色变化

目的探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中Tenascin表达变化及其与损伤时间的关系。方法制作小鼠背部全层皮肤切创模型,于伤后1、3、6、12h,1、3、6、9、12d分别观察切创周围皮肤、创缘皮肤及创腔肉芽组织的Tenascin免疫组化染色反应,并用图像分析技术检测Tenascin阳性染色的平均光密度,所得数据用SPSS for Windows 10.0软件包进行统计学分析。对照用无切创皮肤。结果对照组仅见真皮乳头、毛囊免疫组化染色弱阳性反应;伤后3h在切创周围的真皮乳头及毛囊Tenascin阳性染色增加;伤后12h明显增强,1~3d达最大值(0.336±0.061;0.282±0.017);伤后6d染色强度开始减弱,9~12d基本恢复正常。创缘皮肤及创腔肉芽组织伤后3~6h开始出现Tenascin阳性着色,12h明显增强,6d达最大值(0.410±0.051;0.460±0.027);伤后9d阳性着色开始减弱,12d基本恢复正常。结论小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中产生的Tenascin随损伤时间呈现一定的规律性变化。     

Postmortem changes in the level of calcium pumping adenosine triphosphatase in rat heart sarcoplasmic reticulum

The activity of calcium pumping adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase) in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a pivotal role in myocardiac contraction-relaxation. The Ca2+-ATPase activity is controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a sarcoplasmic reticulum protein "phospholamban" in response to neurotransmitters and drugs. To clarify the role of Ca2+-ATPase in the development of cardiac rigor mortis, we examined the changes of cardiac rigidity and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity up to 5 h after the decapitation of rats. Fifteen minutes after decapitation, the rats showed a cardiac rigidity on left ventricles. After 30 min, rigidity was obvious over the whole heart. After 1 h, the rigidity reached a high degree which was maintained for the rest of the observation period. On the other hand, the Ca2+-ATPase activity controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of phospholamban did not change for the whole observation period (5 h). Another Ca2+-ATPase activity representing the total amount of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcoplasmic reticulum gradually decreased. The data suggest that no significant phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of phospholamban occurs for a short time, at least for 5 h, after death and that the Ca2+-ATPase tends to relax the myocardium against the development of cardiac rigor mortis.     

垂体后叶素致冠状动脉痉挛症的实验病理学研究

作者通过大鼠舌下静脉注射垂体后叶素致冠状动脉痉挛,运用组织学、酶组织化学及电镜技术研究冠状动脉痉挛症引起心肌急性缺血的形态学变化特点,同时对大鼠心肌自溶性变化与上述结果进行了分析比较,认为心肌纤维磷钨酸苏木素(PTAH)染色出现不规则横带且伴有心肌间质小血管壁腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)活性下降,有助于冠状动脉痉挛症引起心肌缺血的诊断。     

Inhibition of non-specific leukocyte esterase activity. Absence of monocyte esterase activity due to phosphoric and thiophosphoric acid ester intoxication

In vitro evaluation of the effect of five insecticidal phosphoric and 11 thiophosphoric acid esters on different, non-specific human leukocytes esterases indicated that most of the organic phosphor compounds studied inhibited the activity of neutral alpha-naphthylacetate esterase, alpha-naphthylbutyryl esterase, and naphthol AS acetate esterase, i.e. the monocyte esterases. The extent of inhibition was dose dependent; the inhibiting dose being identical for the various non-specific esterases. Reactivation with Obidoxim was not successful. Monocyte esterase activity in a human survivor of E 605 intoxication was detectable only after serum acetylcholinesterase had returned to normal levels. The organic phosphor compound studied, however, inhibited neither acid alpha-naphthylacetate esterase nor naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity.     

Sensitive fluorometric detection of heat-stable alkaline phosphatase from bloodstains for the forensic diagnosis of pregnancy

Sensitive and simple procedures are established for the forensic pregnancy test from bloodstains. This paper describes new techniques based on heat stability of placental alkaline phosphatase. In this study the total and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activities were determined using 4-methylumbelliferyl-phosphate as substrate. The ratio of heatstable alkaline phosphatase to total alkaline phosphatase was calculated. A more simple screening test which was visible by exposure to UV light is described. These may be helpful in the diagnosis of pregnancy from only a slight bloodstain.     

巨噬细胞在损伤时间推断中的作用

综述了近年来巨噬细胞在损伤时间推断中的法医学作用的研究进展。论述了巨噬细胞源性细胞因子的表达、巨噬细胞表型的变化和巨噬细胞吞噬物的演化等变化与损伤时间的关系,认为巨噬细胞在损伤修复中的特征性变化可作为损伤时间推断的新指标,具有深入研究的必要。     

The histoenzymological diagnosis of the time of occurrence of a closed spinal cord trauma]

Time course of the activities of transport enzymes in capillary walls of human spinal cord was studied in various periods after closed injury to the cord, inflicted by hard blunt objects, with the use of histochemical methods for the detection of alkaline phosphatase and Mg-dependent ATPase. Wave-like fluctuations in the activities of the examined enzymes were revealed. The findings may be used to assess the period elapsed since the cord injury.     

切创后细胞自噬及炎症因子的表达与损伤时间的关系

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创后不同时间细胞自噬与炎症细胞因子的变化,同时探讨这些变化与损伤时间之间的关系。方法采用RT-PCR及West-blot方法检测小鼠皮肤切创组织在不同时间Beclin-1、LC-3、IL-1α、IL-1β、MCP-1的基因表达及蛋白表达。结果皮肤切创后早期IL-1α、IL-1β基因的表达及蛋白表达水平有所升高,12小时达到最高值,而后呈下降的趋势;MCP-1的表达在损伤后6h开始升高,48h达到最高值,72h有所下降,而Beclin-1、LC3基因及蛋白表达在组织损伤后6h开始升高,24h到达到最高值而后下降。结论小鼠皮肤组织切创后细胞自噬的启动及自噬的最高值明显晚于炎性细胞因子的启动及炎症因子表达的最高值,实验发现当细胞自噬水平达到最高时,炎症因子的水平则开始表现为下降的趋势。这可能是随着切创组织中炎症因子释放的增多激活了细胞的自噬,而当自噬水平达到一定的程度又抑制过度的炎症反应。自噬与炎症因子的表达随着小鼠皮肤创面损伤后不同时间呈现出一定的变化规律,这为组织损伤后损伤的时间推断提供一定的参考。