The use of personal computers for the mathematical processing of the results of chemical-toxicological studies]

Three programs in BASIC and SUPER BASIC language for personal computer are suggested. The first program makes it possible to calculate the degree of substance extraction and factor of its distribution between two liquid immiscible phases. The second program is designed to make calculations on distribution of substance in the organs of experimental animals. The third program is designed to determine specific and molar factors of light absorption. Results of calculations are presented as tables. Programs can be also used in mathematical processing of results obtained in the course of scientific research.     

Naturally Occurring Social Support in Interventions for Former Prisoners with Substance Use Disorders: Conceptual Framework and Program Model

Purpose

Naturally-occurring social support is underutilized in interventions with former prisoners with substance use disorders. This paper proposes a conceptual framework followed by a program model to inform the development of naturally-occurring social support interventions with former prisoners with substance use disorders.

Methods

We reviewed all published social support interventions designed for former prisoners and people with substance use disorders over a ten year period. Building on the implications of this review, empirical literature, professional experience, and theory, we propose a conceptual framework for naturally-occurring social support programs.

Results

Few published programs exist that actively incorporate social support providers into the program model. Of these, even fewer use naturally-occurring support. Expanding on gaps in theory and program approaches, the conceptual model posits that it is the appropriate match of support needs and provision that reinforces emotions, cognitions, and behaviors, that in turn, promote adaptive outcomes.

Conclusions

With mounting pressure to identify interventions that will reduce high re-incarceration rates, this paper draws attention to a neglected, potentially effective, and low cost resource - naturally-occurring social support. The described program, Support Matters, illustrates how social support interventions can be used with former prisoners to promote reduced relapse to substance misuse and crime.     

Obturation, aspiration, and inhalation in case of mechanical asphyxia

This paper aims at updating terminology employed for the characteristic of selected forms of mechanical asphyxia. The medical terms "obturation", "aspiration", and "inhalation" are not infrequently used by forensic medical experts and pathological anatomists engaged in diagnostics of mechanical asphyxia, elucidation of the mechanism of the accompanying injury and causes underlying its fatal outcome. It is argued that the use of these terms for the purpose is sometimes either unjustified or incorrect or both. To begin with, they have different meanings in different situations. Second, the mechanism of death from mechanical asphyxia is variable and associated with specific morphological features that are directly dependent not only on the route by which a foreign body enters the respiratory tract but also on its size, weight, structure, shape, properties, and aggregated state. Third, it is necessary to differentiate between inhalation of a toxicant in case of poisoning and inhalation of a gaseous substance leading to mechanical asphyxia.     

The Consequences of Maladaptive Coping: Integrating General Strain and Self-Control Theories to Specify a Causal Pathway Between Victimization and Offending

Objectives

Drawing from general strain and self-control perspectives, the role of maladaptive coping (i.e., substance use) in the causal pathway between victimization and offending is explored. Specifically, the present study investigates: (1) the extent to which self-control influences substance use in response to victimization, and (2) whether victims with low self-control and who engage in substance use are more likely to commit violent offenses in the future.

Methods

Three waves of panel data from the Gang Resistance Education and Training program are used (N = 1,463), and negative binomial regression models are estimated to explore the interactive effects of low self-control, victimization, and substance use on violent offending.

Results

Victims with low self-control are more likely to engage in substance use post-victimization, and low self-control and substance use are found to exert significant conditional effects on the pathway between victimization and offending. These results remained robust even after controlling for prior violent offending, peer influences, prior substance use, and other forms of offending.

Conclusions

The causal pathway between victimization and offending can be explained by drawing upon key concepts drawn from self-control (i.e., how self-control shapes coping responses) and general strain (i.e., how those responses influence offending above and beyond self-control) theories, indicating that these two perspectives can and should be integrated more explicitly to explain the dynamics of victimization and offending.     

程序正义视角下“税源联动”法律规制探讨

“税源联动”的建立，能从一定程度上克服我国当前税收征管中存在的痼疾，既节约信息收集成本，简化征管程序，又通过不同部门信息资源共享，使资源利用最大化，阻塞税款流失漏洞。然而，在追求税收征管现代化和税款征收高效率过程中，尚有一系列法律问题需要探讨。因此，在税收程序正义视角下审视“税源联动”，并坚持在税收程序法定、公开等基础上推进“税源联动”，对于“税源联动”规则制度逐步完善，以及实践中得以充分发挥作用具有重要意义。     

The Direct and Cross-Examination of Complainants and Defendants in Rape Trials: A Quantitative Analysis of Question Type

This paper is a post-hoc examination of the questioning used in six rape trials. Questions asked in the evidence-in-chief and cross-examination of six complainants and five defendants were coded into different categories. The categories comprised "open", "closed", "leading", "heavily-leading" and "yes/no" questions; questions that are known to increasingly constrain witness responses. Additionally, the frequency of "multiple questions", and questions with "negatives" and "double negatives" were recorded; questions that witnesses have difficulty understanding. Broadly speaking, results showed that questions in both evidence-in-chief and cross-examination were of a constraining nature and allowed witnesses little opportunity to provide complete accounts of alleged events, particularly during cross-examination. Multiple questions were frequent although negatives were comparatively rare, and double negatives did not occur. Similar forms of questioning were used for complainants as for defendants, although more questions were asked of complainants than defendants in cross-examination. The results are discussed in terms of the adverse influence of these questioning strategies on the completeness and accuracy of witnesses' responses, and the similarity in "combativeness" of lawyers in their examination of complainants and defendants.     

Long-term effects of two childhood psychosocial interventions on adolescent delinquency,substance use,and antisocial behavior: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Objectives

Examine the long-term effects of two childhood universal prevention programs on adolescent delinquency, substance use, and antisocial behavior.

Methods

The cluster randomized controlled trial involved 56 schools and 1,675 children in Zurich, Switzerland. Two evidence-based interventions, namely the social-emotional skills program Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) and the cognitive-behavioral parenting program Triple P, were implemented during the first two years of primary school, at ages 7 and 8 years. Outcomes were measured at ages 13 and 15 years, and included youth self-reports and teacher assessments. Multilevel models were used to account for the clustered nature of the interventions. Effects were estimated with the inclusion of baseline covariates.

Results

Across 13 outcomes related to delinquency, substance use, and antisocial behavior at ages 13 and 15 years, only two non-negligible effects were found. The first was a reduced prevalence of police contacts in the PATHS condition [effect size (ES)?=??0.225). The second was a difference in competent conflict resolution skills in the combined PATHS?+?Triple P condition compared to the context (ES?=?0.259), but in the unexpected direction: participants in the combined treatment appeared to be less competent than their control group peers. All other effects were either statistically non-significant or negligible in size (i.e., ES?<?|0.200|).

Conclusions

Even “evidence-based” interventions may have few long-term effects on delinquency, substance use, and antisocial behavior. Our findings add to the small literature on the long-term effectiveness of early universal prevention in field settings.

     

Female Perpetrated Dyadic Psychological Aggression Predicts Relapse in a Treatment Sample of Men with Substance Use Disorders

This study examined whether female-to-male (FTM) psychological aggression predicted men’s relapse of substance use disorder (SUD) 6 months following substance use treatment. Men diagnosed with either a substance abuse or dependence disorder who had recently begun an SUD treatment program participated in the study with their female relationship partners (N = 173). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between baseline FTM psychological aggression and SUD relapse when controlling for baseline demographic, dyadic, substance abuse- and treatment-related variables, as well as frequencies of other male- and female-perpetrated aggressive dyadic behaviors. Higher frequencies of severe, but not minor, forms of FTM psychological aggression uniquely predicted an increased risk of relapse at 6 months follow-up. These data add to the developing research program highlighting the negative sequelae of female-perpetrated psychological aggression and also provide an empirical basis for targeting specific dyadic behaviors in the context of SUD treatment and relapse prevention.     

A multiple drug fatality involving MK-801 (dizocilpine), a mimic of phencyclidine

MK-801 (dizocilpine) is a non-competitive antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) family of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. It is an anticonvulsant and also shares several pharmacological properties with phencyclidine and ketamine. It is not observed routinely as a substance of abuse. The deceased, a 45-year-old white male, obtained MK-801 surreptitiously in an attempt to treat a self-diagnosed depression. He was discovered the next morning, unresponsive on the bathroom floor. An empty bottle, labeled to contain 25mg of MK-801, was found near the body.The autopsy was performed at the Joseph A Jachimczyk Forensic Center, Houston, TX. Body weight at autopsy was 88kg. Lungs were edematous and congested (right: 775g; left 700g). The heart had proportionate chambers and was otherwise unremarkable. The kidneys (right: 220g; left 225g) were smooth surfaced. The brain (1550g) was congested and without trauma. Microscopic evaluation of the heart, kidneys and lungs showed normal histology and confirmed pulmonary congestion and edema. Samples of heart blood, liver, bile, vitreous humor, stomach contents and urine were collected at autopsy. There were 550ml of stomach contents.Drugs in blood were screened by EMIT II Plus immunoassay procedures and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of an organic solvent extract of basified blood. Alcohol was determined by gas chromatography with headspace injection. MK-801, benzodiazepines and alcohol were detected in blood.Amounts of MK-801 present in blood, bile, liver, vitreous humor and urine were 0.15, 0.29, 0.92, less than 0.1 and 0.36 mg/l (kg), respectively.The cause of death was benzodiazepine, dizocilpine and ethanol toxicity and the manner accidental.     

On the stability of the irritant dibenz-[b,f]-[1,4]-oxazepine (substance CR)

The objective of the present study was to determine the duration and conditions of persistence of the irritant dibenz-[b,f]-[1,4]-oxazepine (substance CR) on the environmental objects. The quantitative analysis of the substance on cotton fabric specimens was carried out using the approved method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection at different time periods and envirobmental conditions. It was shown that the main factor determining the lifetime of dibenz-[b,f]-[1,4]-oxazepine on the cotton fabric is the ambient conditions. By way of example, the "open" and "closed", storage of such specimens during 300 days resulted in the decrease of the amount of substance CR to 22.5 and 79% of the initial level respectively. By the end experiment (day 600) these values lowered to 3 and 52.5% respectively. Taken together, the results of the study indicate that dibenz-[b,f]-[1,4]-oxazepine can be described as a substance resistant to environmental impacts. It is comparable in terms of stability with such known irritants as capsicum oleoresin and pelargonic acid morpholide.     

Post-Release Substance Abuse Treatment for Criminal Offenders: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

This study conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of Delaware's CREST Outreach Center, a work release therapeutic community (TC) and aftercare program for criminal offenders. Treatment effectiveness was assessed using the number of days reincarcerated during an 18-month, post-release follow-up period. The 6-month CREST program cost $1937 for the average participant, and led to 30 fewer days incarcerated (29% less) than the average participant in a standard work release program. This implies that the CREST program reduced incarceration for criminal offenders at an average cost of $65 per day. The additional investment of $935 per client to provide aftercare services led to 49 fewer days incarcerated (43% less) than CREST work release-only participants. This suggests that by adding an aftercare component to the CREST work release program, a day of incarceration is avoided at an average cost of $19 per day. These findings have implications for future investments in post-release substance abuse treatment for criminal offenders. However, the results must be interpreted with caution given potential selection bias in the groups that participated in the CREST work release and aftercare programs. Selection bias and the policy implications of this research are noted and discussed.     

The effects of specialized probation and recovery management checkups (RMCs) on treatment participation,substance use,HIV risk behaviors,and recidivism among female offenders: main findings of a 3-year experiment using subject by intervention interaction analysis

Objectives

To examine the effects of specialized probation and recovery management checkups (RMCs) on participation in substance use treatment, substance use, HIV risk behaviors, and recidivism.

Methods

Women (n?=?480) released from the Cook County Jail’s Department of Women’s Justice Services were randomly assigned to either an RMC or control condition and interviewed quarterly for 3 years (greater than 90% completion per wave). At the beginning of each quarter, women were classified as currently on probation (n?=?1984) or not (n?=?2516). Current probation (subject) and experimental condition (intervention nested within probation status) at the beginning of the quarter were used to predict outcomes in the next quarter. Data included self-reports, urinalysis findings, and county and state arrest records.

Results

In the quarter after being on probation (or not), women offenders reported higher rates of participation in substance use treatment and recovery support services, as well as lower rates of substance use and HIV risk behaviors. Nevertheless, they were more likely to commit crimes and be rearrested or reincarcerated. During quarters when the women were not on probation, RMCs were associated with significant increases in participation in substance use treatment and significant reductions in substance use and HIV risk behaviors. However, RMCs had no additional quarterly benefits when women were on probation. Higher levels of substance use treatment, self-help engagement, and reduced substance use predicted reduced recidivism.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the effects of specialized probation and RMCs (when not on probation) on favorable outcomes for criminally involved women with substance use disorders.

     

音乐特长儿童的智力结构特点及其与学业成绩的关系

作者对音乐特长儿童和普通儿童的智力测验结果进行了比较,分析了音乐特长儿童在智力和智力结构上的特点,并考察了这种特点与学业成绩之间的关系。结果发现,音乐特长儿童的总体智力位于中等智力水平。他们的智力结构表现为,词汇、常识方面的发展较为突出。他们学业成绩与普通学生相比,语文、英语成绩要明显在优于普通生,而数学成绩则与普通儿童之间没有显著差异。进一步分析表明,这种学业成绩的表现与其智力结构的特点是相一致的。     

Isotopic analogs as internal standards for quantitative analyses by GC/MS--evaluation of cross-contribution to ions designated for the analyte and the isotopic internal standard

Isotopic analogs of the analytes are currently preferred internal standards (IS) for quantitative analyses of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices by GC/MS procedures. Contributions of the analyte and the IS to the intensities of ions designated for the IS and the analyte, respectively--an undesirable phenomenon termed "cross-contribution"--greatly weakens the effectiveness of this approach. The cross-contribution phenomenon has been, in the past, evaluated by a "direct measurement" approach, in which intensities of interested ions were measured in two separate experiments using equal quantities of the analyte and the IS. Alternate procedures that may generate improved results are hereby studied. For the "improved direct measurement" approach, ion intensity data derived from the previously reported direct measurement procedure are first normalized before being used to calculate the extent of cross-contribution. An "internal standard" approach is also developed, in which a set amount of a third compound is incorporated into these two separate experiments, thus allowing corrections of ion intensity data that are imbedded with variations inherent to separate experiments. Finally, a "standard addition" approach, involving a series "addition" of "standards", generates multiple data points; thus, providing a mechanism to validate the resulting cross-contribution data. Secobarbital/(2)H(5)-secobarbital and secobarbital/(13)C(4)-secobarbital pairs are adapted as the exemplar systems for this study.     

司法独立和法官职业化

本文从现代法治的核心目标“法律至上”地位和“以权制权”的建立入手,指出司法独立的重要性,并进一步阐释了司法独立的实现有赖于法官职业化的实现,进而概括了法官职业化的内容:法官的技能、法官的职业伦理,法官的自主性与自治性,法官的任职资格等及其与司法独立的关系,并从制度建构的角度对中国的法官职业化提出了一些建议。     

Designation of oripavine as a basic class of controlled substance. Final rule

This is a final rule issued by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) designating oripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4,5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol) as a basic class in schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Although oripavine was not previously listed in schedule II of the CSA, it has been controlled in the United States as a derivative of thebaine and, as such, is controlled as a schedule II controlled substance which includes "Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate." Oripavine is a derivative of thebaine, a natural constituent of opium, hence oripavine has been and continues to be, by virtue of the definition of "narcotic drug", a schedule II controlled substance. International control of oripavine in schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961 Convention) during the 50th session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) in 2007 prompted the DEA to specifically designate oripavine as a basic class of controlled substance in schedule II of the CSA.     

“权利”进入,抑或“权力”进入——对“现场直播进法庭”的学理评析

新闻自由、社会公益、当事人权利之间的关系是关涉我国法治筹划和司法改革的一个重要因素。本文取“现场直播进法庭”作为切入点 ,分析了其背后的职权主义诉讼传统底蕴、积极主义司法行为惯性及专务司法之观念意识缺失的原因 ;剖析了“现场直播”进法庭对司法独立性、公正性、脱俗性已构成的侵害和可能的威胁 ;并进而探讨了其与当事人权利之间的冲突。最后 ,概括了“现场直播进法庭”的实质。     

Assessing the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency: An Evaluation of a Court‐Based Delinquency Prevention Program

In 2002, the State of Ohio mandated juvenile courts to provide prevention for at‐risk youth. This study examined official court records to evaluate the effectiveness of a prevention program administered by the Greene County Juvenile Court. A sample of 362 youth referred to the program for the years 2002 to 2009 by concerned caretakers, teachers, and police was analyzed. Consistent with intake goals, 81.7% of clients were referred for at‐risk but not actually delinquent behaviors. Completion of the prevention program did not predict future court referrals, but neither did seriousness of referral behavior. Children with two biological parents were significantly more likely to complete the program, whereas referrals to Strengthening Families Program and substance abuse screening significantly predicted program noncompletion. Implications for policy and research are discussed.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
• This article highlights efforts by county juvenile court to implement a secondary prevention program for at‐risk but not officially court‐referred youth.
• Delinquency prevention research depends on good juvenile court data and adequate comparison groups.
• Evidence‐based predelinquent interventions with external process and outcome evaluations should be the standard.

     

“律”义探源

从"律"字的两个基本构件入手,先后分析了"聿"和"ㄔ"的含义。甲骨文"字本义可能为"手执律管吹奏"、"手执硬笔刻写"和"手执权杖管理",而其引申之义为"统一、协调、标准、区分、界限"等。甲骨文中的"ㄔ"记为",此即为甲骨文中"行"()的半边,"ㄔ"之义为"小步",其义大概来源于"行"。"步"在古代为测量单位,引申为"标准"。古人借助已有的"聿"和"ㄔ"组合成"律"字用来指称定音标准。"律"之本义为"音律",作为调音或定音工具,因而具有"规范、标准"之义,后演变为"军律"、"历律"。商鞅"改法为律"之后,由于统治者更为重视法律的"规范"功能,逐渐以"律"取代"法",用以指称成文法典。     

Stressful life events and adolescent drug use: Moderating influences of the MAOA gene

Purpose

Though stressful life events appear to impact the likelihood and frequency of substance use among adolescents, these effects are often varied and inconsistent. We suggest that the polymorphic MAOA gene may be partially responsible for variable susceptibility to environmental pressures and substance use. More specifically, we hypothesize that adolescents possessing low activity alleles for the MAOA genotype are more likely to respond to stressful life experiences by initiating substance use.

Methods

The genetic subsample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was analyzed (2,574 adolescents) using logistic regression models for each gender. Respondents’ self-reports of eight key stressors were used to create a composite life stress scale which was allowed to interact with a variable that represented the number of low activity MAOA alleles.

Results

For males, a significant interaction emerged between stressful life experiences and the MAOA gene for alcohol (p = .029) and marijuana (p = .039) initiation. For females, the interaction was not significant in each model.

Conclusions

MAOA interacts with life stress to increase the likelihood of substance use initiation for males. Those with a low activity MAOA allele are more likely to initiate substance use than those with a high activity allele when exposed to stressful experiences.