侦查讯问录音录像制度研究

侦查讯问录音录像在西方国家的侦查实践中被广泛运用 ,并经实践证明 ,具有保障犯罪嫌疑人权利、规范警察讯问行为等程序正当效果。在我国推行侦查讯问录音录像技术 ,除了要解决获得警察的支持与经费两大问题之外 ,还要制定严格的关于侦查讯问录音录像的操作规则 ,并使看守所处于中立的地位     

改变美国警察执法的三大案例

与罗马 -日耳曼法系相比 ,普通法系更注重程序公正。马菩诉俄亥俄州、米兰达诉亚利桑那州、泰瑞诉俄亥俄州是 1 960年代美国最高法院有关警察执法的三大案例 ,它们分别确立的排除规则、米兰达警告、滞留与搜拍的权限对美国警察执法产生了重大影响 ,促进了美国警察制度的改革 ,有力地保障了公民的人权。     

英国派生诉讼的最新发展：普通法的回归

股东派生诉讼源于英国普通法，历经百年发展，因其诉讼程序的繁杂、裁判标准的不明确等受到诟病。2006年的公司法以制定法的形式抛弃普通法，对派生诉讼进行重新规制。但法官在最新的案例中对新规定的解释裁判仍不清晰，包括对派生诉讼程序的混淆、具体标准的不确定，如善意、替代救济方式等，甚至在很多规则上仍借助于普通法的解释，派生诉讼的发展趋势依然离不开普通法的规则。     

国家权力的限度即公民权利的保障 评米兰达审判

20世纪60年代．在各个律师协会的共同努力下，美国兴起了一场旨在为被告人提供法律援助的运动。在公民事务领域，根据美国总统约翰逊（Lyndon B.Johnson）构设的伟大社会计划，这场运动导致了法律服务公司的设立。米兰达案的判决在1964年的埃斯科贝杜诉伊利诺伊州案（Escobedo v．Illinois）中已有征兆，该案明确限定了在警察讯问犯罪嫌疑人时必须有律师在场。     

论美国的警察紧急权理论

警察通常需要承担刑事执法和行政管理两项职责，警察在履行上述两项职责的过程中都可能面对各种紧急情况。在应对紧急情况的过程中，警察可以行使紧急权力，警察的紧急权与公民的宪法权利密切相关，因此，对于警察紧急权的考察，不可避免地涉及宪法与紧急权的关系问题。美国学者对宪法与紧急状态的关系进行了深入地讨论，基于美国学者对宪法与紧急权的研究，可以认识到宪法与紧急权之间存在的紧张关系。美国法院对于警察紧急权问题给予了相当的重视，并将警察紧急权区分为刑事执法紧急权与行政管理紧急权。美国法院已经对警察的刑事执法紧急权形成了较为科学地认识，不过，对于警察的行政管理紧急权的性质和运作原则，仍然需要进一步予以明确。     

英国的讯问同步录音录像制度及对我国的启示

我国司法实践部门正在逐步推行讯问同步录音录像制度,《刑事诉讼法(修正草案)》也规定讯问严重案件犯罪嫌疑人应当同步录音录像。作为讯问同步录音录像制度的发源国,英国经过长达20多年的论争和反复试验,最终才于1988年建立了讯问录音制度。2002年,英国又通过《警察与刑事证据法守则F》建立了讯问录像制度。《警察与刑事证据法守则F》根据讯问录像制度的运作机理,确立了许多不同于讯问录音制度的规则和程序要求。英国建立讯问同步录音录像制度的经验给我国以下启示:建立和推行讯问录音录像制度必须获得侦查人员的支持;该制度预期功能的发挥要求建立严密的监督机制;应保障辩护方对录音录像有充分的程序参与权。     

讯问未成年犯罪嫌疑人法律援助律师到场制度初探

修改后的《中华人民共和国律师法》赋予了未成年人犯罪案件“律师讯问到场权”。当然在现阶段，对于“律师讯问到场权”要不要推动，它的实施是不是会影响办案实践，不利于打击犯罪，增加诉讼成本，缺乏相应的配套制度，司法人员如何执行、是否理解、能不能执行到位，确实也存在一些担忧。本文拟以论证“律师到场规则”为基础，以构建“讯问未成年犯罪嫌疑人法律援助律师到场制度”为重点提出相关见解。     

关于职务犯罪讯问场所的思考

要实现刑事诉讼法修改的初衷,既注意及时准确地惩罚犯罪,维护公民、社会和国家的利益,又注意对刑事诉讼参与人包括犯罪嫌疑人、被告人合法权利的保护,就需要在立法上做到侦查程序设计的合理性与公正性,防止讯问权滥用。讯问犯罪嫌疑人是实施职务犯罪侦查工作的重要手段,是获取证据的重要方式,但在司法实践中,讯问场所的不规范给侦查工作带来极大的危害。此次刑事诉讼法的修改,将讯问场所限定在看守所内,通过讯问场所的法定来消解讯问权的滥用。     

从继受到自主创新19世纪下半叶美国法上垄断概念研究

@@ 19世纪下半叶美国法上垄断概念的构建来自于英国普通法的美国化和美国各州制定法的自主创新,其中制定法的作用突出.美国法院依据自身经济发展需要重塑了英国普通法关于垄断的定义,但是仍保留了英国法上垄断的基本特征.制定法的自主创新主要体现在对垄断概念适用对象的调整和依据行业性质设定了某些行业的豁免规定和特殊规定上.     

立法过时的司法应对——评卡拉布雷西《制定法时代的普通法》

卡拉布雷西的《制定法时代的普通法》一书提出了一种制定法之上的普通法权力来应对日益突出的立法过时现象,而这种权力存在的正当性依据有两个:多数主义和法律图景。但是,由于卡拉布雷西缺乏对多数主义的前提性批判以及未能为法律图景提供一个可欲的方向,没有意识到普通法系中两种规则的划分,其结果将使普通法降格为受到多数主义决定的制定法之下的普通法,这恰是走向了卡氏理论意图的反面。当下中国司法在面对立法过时时承担了积极的作用,但是依然不能摆脱立法民主合法性与司法应对立法过时之间存在的困境。     

检察机关非法证据排除工作机制的若干思考

目前学界对非法证据规则的研究兴趣多集中在其产生背景、价值、发展、构建等方面，鲜有对非法证据排除规则运用中检察监督问题加以研究探讨。本文从中国的宪政状况和实际国情出发，提出并论证建构一种“以检察机关排除为主、以审判机关排除为辅”程序，即主张确立检察机关在非法证据排除规则运用中的主要主体地位，并辅以相关的配套工作机制与措施，从而为确立中国特色的非法证据排除规则提供有力支撑。     

试论警察盘查权与人权保障

警察盘查权包括当场盘问权和检查权和继续盘问权,其中,当场盘查是任意性行政措施,继续盘问为强制性行政措施.警察盘问权是一种由警察在没有中立机关干预下随机实施的一项措施,决定了自由裁量权较常态下要大的多,导致了侵犯人权现象比较突出,主要表现为经常使用拉网式的盘查,盘查执法随意性过大,对盘查理解偏狭和滥用盘查权.因此,必须进一步改造盘查权,对盘查的对象、时间、继续盘查的地点严格限制,将盘查纳入刑事检察监督的视野,提高警察素质,加强人权教育,严格依法办案,在打击违法犯罪、维护社会秩序和切实保障公民人权方面寻求最佳结合点.     

Written records of police interrogation: differential registration as determinant of statement credibility and interrogation quality

Abstract

The backbone of Dutch criminal procedure is the case file including a large number of written records. In Dutch courts the focus is primarily on evaluation of written records. The written record of police interrogation is a mediated account of the interrogation itself. In this study we explore how individual differences in the production of written records by police officers affect the jurists' evaluation of the suspect's story and of the quality of the interrogation itself. In the first study, five police officers produced written records of one and the same interrogation on video of a denying suspect. In the second study, three of those written records are evaluated by jurists. They are asked to determine story acceptability of the suspect and procedural fairness of the interrogation. Findings show that a short and simple interrogation of a suspect results in written records that are quite different (Study I). It is further shown that these differences affect the jurists' evaluation of some of the core issues addressed in a criminal process (Study II). Implications of these findings are discussed as well as a number of possible ways to improve the current state of affairs.     

Parents’ knowledge and attitudes about youths’ interrogation rights

Some states and police agencies require youth to consult with parents before or during interrogation by police, yet these policies rely on the untested assumption that parents themselves are knowledgeable about police interrogation practices and youths’ rights. This study assessed knowledge of, and attitudes about, juvenile interrogations in a sample of parents (N?=?294) recruited from urban locales. On average, parents correctly answered fewer than half of the questions about juvenile interrogation practices; knowledge about parental notification procedures was especially poor. At the same time, parents strongly endorsed youths’ rights to support (including support from parents) during police questioning contexts and only moderately endorsed youths’ decision-making autonomy, even for older youth who are legally adults.     

Powers and Accountability of Private Police

Substantial growth in private policing has been documented in countries throughout the world, and the division of responsibilities for policing between public and private authorities has become increasingly blurred and contested during the last three decades. Because private policing is so frequently assessed on the basis of criteria established with respect to the public police, substantial myths have developed about the powers and accountability of private police; specifically, it is commonly asserted that private police have no significant power(s), and are essentially not accountable, in comparison with the public police. The author argues that such assertions misrepresent the very substantial coercive power of private police as well as the variety of mechanisms through which they may be held accountable, and also commonly exaggerate the effective accountability of the public police. The author concludes that a greater appreciation of the actual power and accountability of private police will provide an improved basis for the development of sound public policy with respect to both private and public policing, and with respect to appropriate relationships between private and public policing organisations.     

对学界关于警察权性质认识的思考

学界关于警察权性质的认识主要有，行政权说和行政权与司法权兼具说两种观点，在逻辑上它们以具体化的警察权——警察职权的性质推论得出警察权的性质。文章分析了学界对警察权性质的认识产生分歧的原因和研究的目的，指出了由于受到国家权力并非绝对分立等因素的影响，学界欲从警察权性质的定位入手，以此寻求监督制约警察权的有效措施之目的难以得到真正实现的原因。     

The dilemma of ‘racial profiling’: an abolitionist police history#

While the conquest of the world by the concept of ‘racial profiling’ was a major victory for activists, real victory for racial justice at the hands of the police was foreclosed, for the notion is a Trojan Horse. Snuck inside this term developed for radical purposes are distinctly conservative propositions. This paper analyzes the ways the individualizing implications of the concept of racial profiling mask the depth and reach of the state’s commitment to containing resistance and eliciting consent by deploying technologies of race. Against ‘racial profiling’s’ suggestion of incidental, improper police practice, this essay offers a history of the U.S. police that shows their deep and abiding commitment to reproducing race and racism. Tracing police history in relation to colonialism and slavery, the essay argues that the history of this fundamental instantiation of state racism leaves no hope for successful reform, but rather demands a practical and thoughtful commitment to police abolition.     

Perceptions of children during a police interrogation: Guilt,confessions, and interview fairness

Abstract

Jurors are often provided with confession evidence and must determine whether the confession was true, false, coerced, or voluntary. As more juveniles are tried in adult criminal court, jurors must increasingly make these determinations about minors’ statements. In this study, mock jurors read an actual interrogation of a child suspect that included confession evidence, and then provided judgments regarding the coerciveness of the interrogation, the child's and police's knowledge and behaviors, and guilt. Child age (11 versus 14 years) and gender were manipulated and examined in relation to participant gender and pre-existing sympathy levels for juvenile offenders. Factors external to the suspect – participant gender and sympathy for juvenile offenders – interacted with child suspect factors to influence perceptions of the child, the interrogation, and guilt. When multiple factors were considered, perceptions of suspect credibility and police fairness were the strongest predictors of guilt and perceived culpability. The findings have implications for decision-making in cases involving juvenile defendants and confession evidence.     

警察权益保护的现实选择

警察维权是公民维权工作中对应的一个特殊群体,警察权益应包括警察行使权力和警察享受利益两个方面,这两个方面都是法律加以规定和保护的,不容侵犯。但警察维权的现实状况不容乐观,人民警察权益保障缺位有诸多原因;有效保障人民警察的合法权益应从多方面着手。     

建构中国的警察比例原则

作为国家权力之重要组成部分,警察权的法治化运作乃公民基本权利之最有力保障,然而公民基本权利也面临来自警察权滥用的威胁。被誉为西方国家公法领域之“帝王条款”的比例原则起源于德国警察法,蕴涵着丰富的控权思想,对警察权的运作具有极强的监督与控制功能,并为实现行政目的与保障人权之间的平衡和防止警察自由裁量权的滥用提供了可操作的标准。因此,为保障人权,弘扬法治,应尽快确立我国的警察比例原则,从而实现对警察权的有效规制。