论偏好和国际制度的关系

理性主义认为,行为体的物质收益是客观存在和固定不变的;偏好只是行为体在追求收益最大化过程中可能出现的结果排列出来的一种方式,是对结果的一种等级排列,因此是外生给定的。建构主义不否认收益的物质性和客观性,但同时强调收益与理念的关系,认为理念根植于社会互动,并在社会互动中得以塑造,具有主体间性,所以收益需要预先的主体间性的承认;偏好是理念的一种外显形式,在互动中会发生变化,不能先于互动而存在;在一个给定环境中,行为体偏好所有可能结果的一个特殊等级排序,是因为他们相信这将满足某个更深层的目标;偏好通过形塑行为体的收益,促使他们重设目标,并据此调整行为,最终影响国际制度安排。     

New Regionalism and Regional Integration: the Role of National Institutions

This article focuses, first, on the under-explored issues of new regionalism: its subnational level and transnational regional cooperation as an initial stage of new regionalism. Second, it analyses the development of new regionalism between a country in regime transition (Russia in the 1990s) and stable democratic actors (in Europe). Third, it addresses the question of whether European integration contributes to new regionalism outside Europe's geographic borders. The regions chosen for this analysis are the 89 constituent units of Russia. Such variables as historical legacies, regime transition as domestic context, and the European integration as an international context all remain stable for the 89 units of analysis. Thus, the research design allows one to distinguish other potential variables that may be significant in the development of new regionalism. Given that Russia is located on both the European and Asian parts of the Eurasian continent, the research design also permits the testing of the hypothesis that regional integration and new regionalism are interconnected across Eurasia.     

国际安全制度与总体国家安全：一种理论分析

一国的总体国家安全虽然涉及方方面面,但国内政治和国际政治是贯穿这些领域的两条主线。国际安全制度构成了维护各领域国家安全的重要依托：国际安全制度能够塑造各国国家安全的外部环境,影响不同领域的国家安全利益,促进不同领域的国际安全合作,从而有利于实现各国的总体国家安全。二战结束以来,主权平等、不干涉内政和不使用武力解决国际争端等基本原则已经大大改善了全球安全环境,构成中小国家主权独立和国家安全的重要保障。同时,普遍性的国际安全原则和规范也可以应用到各个具体领域的安全规则的构建,从而直接影响各国维护相关领域国家安全的能力与利益。多边安全联盟会带来高水平的国际安全合作,促进联盟成员的总体国家安全,但也可能减损其他国家的安全水平,从而导致冲突。纯粹的区域性集体安全制度在提升各成员国家安全水平的同时,也具有合作安全和共同安全的优点。各国应该积极参与国际安全制度的构建,并有效运用国际安全制度提升本国的国家安全水平。     

Gestalt Ontology in International Relations: The Case of European Integration

This article proposes a new interdisciplinary perspective in international relations (IR). It suggests that contributions from perception studies can help us reconceptualize some elements of IR. Specifically, the article takes up the concept of Gestalt and applies it to European integration. The Gestalt laws and phenomena demonstrated by European integration can be identified in other examples of regional integration, as well as in various international organizations, or alliances. They also provide insight into other features of IR, such as the international order. The Gestalt approach per se may contribute to the development of a psychological constructivist theory of IR.     

欧洲一体化的问题、前景与欧盟国际地位

爱尔兰否决<里斯本条约>是欧盟当前面临的一系列根本性问题,包括政治精英抱负与民众需求脱节、内部矛盾增多等的突出反映,同时它给欧盟带来了新的冲击和影响,包括欧盟行动能力受阻、国际形象和地位再次受损等.尽管欧洲统合进程的不确定性因素增多,但在全球化和民众需求的内外压力下,欧洲一体化仍会向前发展,只是其传统发展模式将有所调整.欧盟仍将是一支重要的国际力量,特别是在经贸领域,但至少在可预见的将来,欧盟国际地位呈持续下降态势.     

从最优货币区理论看中国东盟货币一体化前景

当前区域经济一体化、集团化的发展成为世界经济发展的趋势。中国—东盟自由贸易区进程业已进入了一个更为深层次的阶段,各国之间贸易往来和合作更加紧密,其货币金融合作迫在眉睫。支持货币一体化的理论基础,就是1999年诺贝尔经济学奖得主罗伯特·蒙代尔于1961年提出的“最优货     

International Institutions and GHG

Globalization is pushing public health crises beyond traditional national boundaries. It has also transformed international health governance into global health governance. Health security is one aspect of global public welfare. International institutions, such as the WHO, the WTO, the World Bank, and the BWC, are main providers of global public welfare for health. However, those institutions＇ role in global health governance is not optimized. An analysis of the shortcomings of the international institutions concerned with global heath can contribute to better global health governance. Some tentative solutions to such problems are put forward in this paper.     

Reform of International Monetary System andConstruction of Global Monetary SecurityMechanism: Connections and Problems

The international monetary system is the basis to establishing acomprehensive global financial safety mechanism. To understand the internalconnections between the reform of the international monetary system and the globalsafety mechanism has important policy implications. The reform of the internationalmonetary system and the construction of the global safety network are inherentlyrelated to each other. Risk management and crisis response are the functions ofthe international monetary system and serve to ensure the safety of the globalfi nancial system; liquidity management and international exchange rate coordinationare conducive to the maintenance of the stability of the global financial system.International exchange rate coordination, the control of spillover effect of US monetarypolicies and the reform of governance structures of the international monetary systemcontribute to global fi nancial safety. However, the reform of the international monetarysystem and the establishment of the global fi nancial safety mechanism are faced withproblems such as Triffin Dilemma, the technical shortcomings of global financialsystem, the ill coordination of global and regional fi nancial security network and thegrowing number of political issues involved. In order to build a sound global fi nancialsafety system, cooperation should be enhanced in the following fi ve aspects: to promotethe reform of the Bretton Woods institutions; to build the global financial safetynetwork; to establish the liquidity management system; to facilitate the construction ofthe super sovereign currency; and to deepen regional monetary cooperation.     

南方共同市场货币一体化进程与前景分析

作为世界上首个完全由发展中国家组建的共同市场,南方共同市场自1991年建立以来不仅极大推动了南美经济一体化发展,也成为拉美乃至世界政治经济舞台上的重要力量。南共市是否能实现货币一体化不仅直接影响成员国之间经贸合作,而且对集团乃至整个南美一体化深化发展也将有重要意义。本文通过对南共市实行货币一体化内外动因及进程的分析与回顾,从最优货币区理论角度对其宏观经济趋同性等进行研究,对该地区建立货币联盟的可行性及前景进行探讨。     

Agents and Structures: Two Views of Preferences, Two Views of Institutions

Two analytical distinct approaches to the study of domestic politics have been referred to as the "new institutionalism." The fundamental difference between the two brands of institutionalism can be seen in the way they handle the relationship between "agents" and "structures.""Structure-based" approaches to institutions give ontological primacy to structures and view agents as being constituted by them. "Agency-centered" approaches view human agents as ontologically primative and view institutions as structures that are created by goal-maximizing individuals. The two approaches are compared, with special attention given to the way they treat the preferences that actors hold. I argue that contrary to arguments made by many structure-based theorists, the agency-centered approach is capable of contributing to discussions regarding the sources of actor preferences. A limited information model of the strategic interaction between workers and capitalists is used to demonstrate ways in which the agency-centered approach can begin to make preferences endogenous.     

从"辅助性原则"看欧洲一体化与国家主权的关系

"辅助性原则"作为欧盟(欧共体)建设的基本原则之一,对欧盟建设发挥了重大的作用和影响.本文着重分析了这一原则产生的经过、具体内容及影响,尤其是它所引发的欧洲一体化与国家主权之间的关系.     

欧洲一体化:一种文化的解读

欧洲一体化是集经济一体化、政治一体化、社会规范化、文化均质化于一身的综合性进程。欧洲文化以其丰富的内涵和深邃的理性构成了一体化广阔的人文背景和基本要素。欧洲一体化既是同一性的,又是多样性的,是“欧洲自性”和“民族自性”的结合。自欧洲一体化进程启动以来,文化因素始终发挥着重要的作用,它不仅深刻影响了欧洲一体化的发展模式、基本原则、法律体系、机构设置及其表决机制和程序,对正在实施的欧盟东扩的范围选择、标准要求也产生了重大影响。随着欧洲一体化的进一步发展,文化的作用将会越来越突出和明显。     

俄罗斯与欧洲一体化

欧洲一体化和苏联 俄罗斯的关系经历了一段曲折的发展道路。冷战结束后 ,俄审时度势 ,采取了积极支持欧洲一体化的新立场 ,而其利益动机涉及经济、政治、外交、安全等广泛领域。同时 ,俄争取通过不同途径应对欧洲一体化的挑战 ,以将其负面影响降到最低程度。俄对欧洲一体化所奉行的是一种趋利避害的务实性战略方针。     

和解外交:超越历史的欧洲一体化

综观欧洲50年一体化发展历程,和解和合作构成了欧洲政治、经济一体化的基本前提.欧洲和解是欧洲国家超越历史的选择,是欧洲一体化的基石.本文从欧洲和解的基本历史条件出发,确定欧洲和解的历史动因,在此基础上阐述欧洲和解的诸层面.鉴于德国问题是欧洲问题这一历史认知,本文在阐述欧洲和解时将视角放在德国在西部面对法国、在东部面对波兰的和解.德法和解和德波和解构成了欧洲和解的核心层面,这也反映在欧洲国家外交指导思想及其外交行为上.解读欧洲和解和欧洲合作的互动关系和成因,有助于我们更准确地理解欧洲政治和经济一体化的软实力背景.     

《欧盟宪法条约》与欧洲一体化进程

《欧盟宪法条约》的签署标志着欧洲一体化进程一个新的里程碑。欧宪条约在法国、荷兰遭否决,暴露了当前欧盟建设中存在的一些问题,但这些问题是欧盟“成长中的烦恼”。经过反思和整顿之后,《欧盟宪法条约》将“重新复活”,并将推动欧洲一体化更加稳步和健康地发展。     

人民币汇率改革:国际货币金融环境风险分析

[内容提要]国际货币金融环境对人民币汇率改革至关重要。国际货币体系自战后以来始终处于动荡之中,关键货币之间汇率冲突不断,导致这种状况的主要根源是美元危机。当前的国际金融体系十分脆弱,而流动资本加速扩大的“失控”趋势将对其形成进一步的冲击,其中,“美元圈”的金融风险尤为突出。在这种形势下,人民币汇率改革应把维护经济稳定增长作为首要任务。     

RMB Interest Rate reform:Risk of International Monetary Environment

On July 21, 2005, the People's Bank of China announced a new reform plan, according to which, RMB would no longer be pegged to the U.S. dollar but would reform the exchange rate regime by moving into a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies. ① The reform is an important step in the process of China's reform and opening-up. Hence it has special significance for economic development of China. However,what merits attention is that the present international monetary regime is unstable, financial system is very fragile and big powers have shown an unwillingness to take financial cooperation.② This has posed great challenges to the process of RMB exchange rate reform. Now I would like to examine the possible risks of the reform and then try to make some suggestions through making some analysis of the status quo of international monetary and financial system.