论越权刑法解释

在当代中国,越权刑法解释问题已经成为类推制度寿终正寝之后罪刑法定主义的最大敌人,极大地损害了刑法的人权保障机能.刑法解释有权力和权利两种不同层面的存在样态,刑法解释的对象是刑法条文背后的刑法规范,对刑法立法而言具有从属性特征."越权"包括越实有职权和越解释权两种类型.越权刑法解释包括越权刑法立法解释和越权刑法司法解释两大类.本文进一步探析了越权刑法解释的成因,进而提出了包括建立撤销机制等在内的一系列应对方案.     

试论欧洲刑法的现状和欧盟刑法的前景

欧洲刑法是一个新的领域。即使在欧洲国家,虽然“欧洲刑法”一词的提出有几十年了,但比较全面的研究也是最近几年的事情。欧洲刑法是一个充满了活力和变化的领域,多年以来,不但在有关法律规范的制定和所办理的案件的数量上不断增加,而且在法律规则发展的性质上都在或多或少地进行着演变,而以近来欧洲共同刑法的研究和推动活动以及欧盟制宪所带来的变化更为引人瞩目。限于篇幅,本文仅拟对欧洲刑法的现状和欧盟刑法可能的发展前景做简略的述评,并尝试提出欧洲刑法对我国的几点启示。     

刑法类型化概念与法治国原则之哲理——兼论开放的构成要件之存在根据

一、问题的提出 犯罪是符合刑法中所规定的构成要件的行为。国家从大量的反社会行为中抽出一部分危害性严重的，作为法律上的犯罪类型加以规定成为当罚的行为，这种法律上的类型就是构成要件。因此，一般认为，构成要件就是指刑罚法规所规定的犯罪类型。构成要件作为刑法类型化概念与法治国的基本原则——罪刑法定主义之间，是唇齿相依的关系。罪刑法定主义是构成要件产生的思想基础，构成要件则是贯彻罪刑法定主义的基础性工程和体现。有什么样的罪刑法定主义，就有什么样的构成要件类型。...     

职权限制：观察《刑事诉讼法》再修改的着眼点

人们对《刑事诉讼法》再修改盼望已久，其原因不言自明。《刑事诉讼法》的作用远不止在追诉一个人的刑事责任时发生功效，在保障人权方面，其作用尤为重要，这种重要性也许仅次于宪法（如果不是与宪法相当的话）。之所以如此，是因为刑事诉讼法为国家权力在刑事司法领域的运作限定了范围和方式，不但督促专门机关及其人员履行职责，防止其懈怠，也遏制其滥权不轨的冲动，保障个人自由。这些作用，显然是通过设定一系列诉讼原则、制度、程序和规则来实现的。     

Reading for Law and the State: Theaters of Problematization and Authority

Constructing a particular nation, that of early modern England, is seen here as a series of theatrical performances. Shakespeare’s work is taken as a series of thought experiments. Some, like The Merchant of Venice, are reassuring that threatening circumstances and innovatory social practices are capable of being overcome or assimilated from the unknown to the known. Some, like King Lear and Hamlet, ponder the consequences of a failure to discover a resolution. Some writers have argued that England was historically quite early in beginning to conceive of itself as a nation, rather than as a population of possibly heterogeneous regions subject to a dynasty, a state of affairs summarized in the by now clichéd remark attributed to the Sun King, “L’Etat, c’est moi”. For Shakespeare, if not for all of his contemporaries, the Englishman is a bit slow-witted, owing to his fondness for beef and red wine, but he is distinguishable from others and provides material for the second pieces of theater I look at. If there could be an Englishman, his experience with the absolutist pretensions of the Stuart monarchy allowed there to be a free-born Englishman (and, actually, Englishwoman). The two crucial battles of the English civil war, Marston Moor and Naseby, followed by the Army Debates of 1647–1649 form the stage for an at least aspiring egalitarianism we now know as the rights of man, or the rights of the civic person.

Criminal Law beyond the State: The European Model

This article will analyse two models of criminal law beyond the State, which are here termed ‘eunomic’ and ‘dialogic’. It will then focus on one case study, European criminal law, which was inherently ‘dialogic’ until the last decade of the past century but has now quite unique features. In accordance with classic liberal views, criminal law has always been conceptualised as one of the most salient attributes of the sovereign State. The monopoly on the use of violence was to be legitimised by the State's concern for the sphere of autonomy of the individual. It is submitted in this article that it is precisely this condition that is lacking in the current European model, which promotes security‐oriented paradigms of self‐fulfilment and effectiveness. However, criminal law, if properly conceived, could in theory function as a powerful vehicle of integration.     

刑法关怀与刑法解释

刑法应体现法律之公平善良的特质 ,刑法关怀是指刑法对自然人、社会组织及社会所给予的刑法关注、刑法抵御和刑法保护 ,刑法解释即有权解释 ,是指有权机关依据一定原则使用法定方法对法律文本所作的阐释 ,是连结刑事立法与刑法适用的纽带和中介 ,是折射和反映刑法关怀的最佳视角。欠缺刑法关怀的刑法解释在一定程度上说可能是合法的但未必是合理的。从刑法关怀的维度审视我国现有的刑法解释 ,一方面在于把刑法关怀坚持到底 ,另一方面在于反思刑法解释的真正科学的定位 ,由此建立合法合理的刑法解释体系。     

The State of the International Criminal Court,of Special Tribunals and of International Criminal Law: A Concise Review

International criminal law has changed rather dramatically in the last three decades. Whereas in the early 1990s the field was an almost exotic specialization of penal law, it has now developed into a thriving part of the law. Nowadays, most law schools have specialists in international criminal law which has usually developed into an important field of research. An important factor in this development has been the performance of three Special Criminal Tribunals established by the United Nations Security Council. In this article their institutional record as well as their importance for the development of international criminal law will be reviewed. In both senses, on the basis of a necessarily concise review, it is submitted that the performance of the tribunals must be considered a success. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is already twenty years in existence. Its performance cannot be judged equally successfully, however. In particular as an institution it cannot point to records comparable to those of the Special Criminal Tribunals. Still, although it is undoubtedly fragile, the ICC has become a relevant feature of modern international law and in international relations (as a brief examination of its potential role regarding the Special Military Operation in Ukraine shows). Notwithstanding its institutional weaknesses, the importance of the ICC manifests itself in its Statute which can be seen as a codification of international criminal law. The strong increase in the domestic administration of international crimes as a consequence of the principle of the complementarity of the Statute is taken into consideration.

     

The Pursuit of the Perak Regalia: Islam, Law, and the Politics of Authority in the Colonial State

Islamic law changed radically in the last century and a half. It was codified and limited to the domain of personal and family law in almost all majority and minority Muslim states. The argument of this article is that this remarkable change in Islamic law began in the colonial state. Islamic law, as it functions within postcolonial Muslim states, is a product of negotiations between colonial and local elites over law, religion, culture, ethnicity, and the identity of the Muslim subject. In the case of colonial Malaya, this resulted in a codified, institutionalized legal system within a colonial state, which was critical in constructing Malay ethnic and religious identities and interpretations of Islam that prevail today.     

亲权、法定监护、法定代理之界定

亲权作为身份权的一种,是父母基于身份关系对未成年子女所生之权利,原则上不得由他人代为行使,但日本民法第833条和第867条则有例外规定,即父母均为禁治产人时,其亲权应由父母的法定代理人代为行使。法定监护是监护的一种,它归于民事主体制度,是指根据法律的直接规定而进行的监督、保护等民事活动。立法例上,一些国家既规定亲权又规定监护,而另一些国家只规定监护。法定代理是基于法律的直接规定而进行的代理,它兼具民事主体与民事法律行为双重内涵,是各国法律均予规范的内容。民法理论上,亲权、法定监护和法定代理三者之间在诸多方面存在着牵连与叠合,同时又具有严格的界限和适用范围,它们对民事法律制度的协调与完善起着互补作用,是民事法律制度不可或缺的重要组成部分。     

刑法主观主义与中国刑法

一、刑法主观主义与中国当代刑法理论翻开历史画卷 ,不难发现这样一个朴素的真理———人类社会自从建立刑事法律制度以来 ,对犯罪者科以刑事责任 ,一般都是通过刑罚的力量来实现的 ,“然而科人以刑责 ,何以能实现正义 ,亦即刑事责任之理论根据如何 ,是乃刑法思想之根本问题 ,每因时代不同而异其见解。”①一般认为 ,在刑事责任之理论根据问题上 ,西方刑法学说史上最经典的对立是刑事古典学派与刑事近代学派之间的论战 ,两派争论很大程度上就是主观主义 (又称行为人主义 )与客观主义 (又称行为主义 )的对立。② 客观主义学派和主观主义学派…     

论刑事政策与刑法

刑事政策可表述为:国家或政党基于犯罪态势而制定的控制(预防)犯罪的方略,可分为基本的刑事政策和具体的刑事政策。指导刑法立法的刑事政策是基本刑事政策;影响刑法司法的刑事政策是具体刑事政策。只有在较长时期内涉及全过程的主要的刑事政策才是基本刑事政策。具体刑事政策,它相对于基本刑事政策而言,指在犯罪控制的某一领域或某一阶段中起作用的刑事政策。就刑事政策与刑法立法来讲,刑事政策即基本刑事政策是刑法的灵魂,刑事政策高于刑法;就刑事政策与刑法司法来讲,刑法则高于刑事政策即具体刑事政策,具体的刑事政策只能在刑法的框架内运作,但可以影响定罪与量刑。     

International Criminal Law vs State Sovereignty: Another Round?

This is a review of five recent works which deal with internationalcriminal law. By an analysis of those works, the essay querieswhether the relationship between international criminal lawand state sovereignty is always accurately conceptualized. Internationalcriminal lawyers often see sovereignty as the enemy of internationalcriminal law, though frequently failing to discuss in any depththe nature and malleability of sovereignty. Although internationalcriminal law does involve some challenges to sovereignty, italso needs, and in some ways empowers, that sovereignty too.The works under review tend to pay less attention to the substantiveaspects of international criminal law than its institutionalpart. This is unfortunate, as some of the most interesting interactionsbetween international criminal law and sovereignty occur atthis level. The essay finishes with some broader reflectionson how the works under review conceptualize the internationallegal order, regrets the absence at times of engagement withrelevant constructivist scholarship but notes that the answerto the question of the precise relationship between internationalcriminal law and sovereignty is unlikely to be agreed upon soon.     

Law,the State,and the Dialectics of State Crime

Drawing on material from a study of civil society and state crime in six countries, this article reflects on two themes from Chambliss’s work: the debate between state-centred and more pluralistic views of law, and the “dialectical” approach to the analysis of state crime. It argues for a more pluralistic approach to law than Chambliss and Seidman adopted in Law Order and Power, along with a broader approach to the definition of state crime as a form of deviant behaviour. Case studies from the civil society research illustrate how the strategies adopted by organizations challenging state practices can be understood in terms of an interplay between different forms of law. With some qualifications, we support Chambliss’s dialectical approach, and attempt to clarify just what the term “dialectical” means. Finally we bring together the two strands of the argument to propose an approach to state crime founded on “dialectical legal pluralism”.     

The Responsible Subject As Citizen: Criminal Law, Democracy And The Welfare State

This paper seeks to explain two problems posed by the history of criminal law doctrine by situating them in the context of the political sociology of citizenship. First, the paper outlines the logical connection between the rise to doctrinal orthodoxy of the idea of the responsible subject and the contemporaneous emergence of universal political citizenship. Secondly, it argues that subjectivist orthodoxy in doctrine may be reconciled with the apparently antithetical forms of regulatory strict liability law within the terms of 'modern democratic citizenship' as the latter were conceptualised by T. H. Marshall. Finally, by means of a comparison with Alan Brudner's recent philosophical rationalisation of the modern criminal law, it proposes that situating the criminal law in its environment of citizenship will help us to understand better the tensions that underlie contemporary challenges to its doctrine.     

刑法学者的使命与刑法学的深度展开——评陈兴良、周光权教授的《刑法学的现代展开》

就目前而言,中国刑法学的表面繁荣的背后暴露出理论创新的贫乏与回应实践问题乏力的危机。所以刑法学人的首要任务,就是建立刑法学科的属于自己“专业槽”,刑法学只有成为“最精确的法律科学”,①才能有自己的核心技术与工艺流程的“专业槽”,只有最精确的刑法学,才能最精当地解决实践中棘手的刑法问题。陈兴良教授和周光权教授合作完成的《刑法学的现代展开》一书正是对此的回应。作者站在时代与学科的前沿,多维度立体式展示了两代刑法学人对超规范的刑法学的基础命题、规范刑法学的前沿问题与实践课题的最新思考,展示了理论“突围”与专业槽建设的努力。突出展示了罪刑法定原则视角转换、死刑问题的观念引领、刑事政策的深刻洞见等内容。全书“充满了人文气息及高度学术性”,是践行刑法学者使命,体现刑法学创新与突围的一部力作。     

主观主义与中国刑法关系论纲--认真对待刑法主观主义

刑法主观主义作为西方刑法学说史上的重要思想,在我国刑法学界的地位却是尴尬的———刑法主观主义往往是作为被批判的对象,其本身所存在的合理内核却被人们所忽视。然而,中国传统法律思想、中国刑事立法的发展以及中国刑法的主客观相统一原则等都与刑法主观主义存在密切的联系,刑法主观主义的合理性不容抹杀,学界需要认真对待刑法主观主义。