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1.
This article is based on interviews with former Australian immigration detainees conducted by the author. The interviews explored
the experience and understanding of resistance while in detention. The article calls into question Agamben’s twin conclusions
that nothing short of a complete re-founding of ontology is required to liberate humanity from biopower and that this refoundation
will spring from bare life. Contrary to Agamben’s depiction, the camp proves to be a place of determined and often successful
defence of a relation of politics and life based not on the camp and biopower, but on solidarity and freedom. Detainees in
Australian immigration detention, like prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps, refused to abandon their politics. Rather
than seeking to transform bare life, they rejected it and made their own decision on life and politics.
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2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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3.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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4.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
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5.
The only way of entering the world of ‘fragmented law’ (or ‘societal constitutionalism’) is arguably to make normative fragmentation
correspond with constituent excess. As Foucault would say, once we are involved in an ‘epistemic crisis’, we must then modify
those systems that organise knowledge in conjunction with the very forms that produce it. This contribution considers some
privileged forms of critique and reconstruction beyond normative fragmentation and essentially argues in favour of governance
dynamics, as well as for ontological devices engaged in the production of subjectivity.
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6.
We examined mock jurors’ reactions to a sexual abuse case involving a male teacher and a 10-year-old child. Because gay men
are sometimes stereotyped as child molesters, we portrayed defendant sexual orientation as either gay or straight and the
victim as either a boy or girl. Jurors made more pro-prosecution decisions in cases involving a gay versus straight defendant,
particularly when the victim was a boy. In boy-victim cases, jurors’ emotional feelings of moral outrage toward the defendant
mediated these effects. On average, women jurors were more pro-prosecution than were men. Results have implications for understanding
social perceptions of cross- and same-gender child sexual abuse and juror decision making in child sexual assault cases perpetrated
by homosexual and heterosexual men.
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7.
We ask whether informal interactions between university and industry scientists result in collaborative research. Using data
from a national survey of tenured and tenure-track scientists and engineers in U.S. research extensive universities, we demonstrate
that university scientists’ informal interactions with private sector companies increase both the likelihood and intensity
of collaborative research with industry.
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8.
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
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9.
Conflicting evidence exists on how criminal propensity moderates deterrent effects, and there is little empirical evidence
on this issue from relatively experienced offenders. This study tested how variation in criminal propensity (operationalized
as “low self-control”) moderates deterrent effects in a sample of convicted offenders in New Jersey’s Intensive Supervision
Program in 1989 and 1990. Offenders’ perceptions of the risks and consequences from violating ISP were associated with whether
they successfully completed ISP. Moreover, lower self-control did not diminish, and if anything, enhanced these deterrent
effects.
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10.
In two experiments, we examined whether post-event information (PEI) about true and false events persisted in children’s reports
after approximately 1 year. In Experiment 1, 4- to 6-year-olds were given PEI and then were given memory tests 2 weeks and
15 months later. Although PEI appeared in free recall at the initial testing, it decreased substantially by the long-term
test. In contrast, on recognition tasks the children showed facilitation and misinformation effects at initial and follow-up
tests. Experiment 2 replicated lasting misinformation and facilitation effects in recognition memory among 4- to 9-year-olds
who were tested after 1-week and 10-month delays. We conclude that true and false reminders about an experienced event continue
to affect children’s memory approximately 1 year later.
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11.
This paper explores the under-researched topic of young people’s attitudes towards police in two studies using structural
equation modelling. The first study examines the influence of police legitimacy on the willingness of young people to assist
police. The second study examines the impact of informal contact with police during a community policing project on young
people’s willingness to assist police. Findings show that young people who view police as legitimate are more willing to assist
police. Participation in the community policing project had a significant and positive influence on young people’s willingness
to assist police independent of young people’s attitudes about police legitimacy.
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12.
During regulation the regulator carries out an intermediary role between shareholders and managers, consequently affecting
property rights and the agency relation between the two. Deregulation implies that this intermediary role ceases to exist.
This article analyses how government deregulation changes property rights, differentiating between firms of network and non-network
structures. Changes in property rights affect the agency relation between shareholders and managers, increasing information
asymmetry and agency costs. I argue that the way to reduce agency costs depend to a great extent on the country’s legal system
classified as of common or civil law tradition.
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13.
The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language
they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected to a content
analysis, and the salience of the values, norms and argot terms were assessed using two measures, attention and intensity.
The inmates’ values and norms and the argot expressions were divided into categories with reference to different aspects of
prison experience: prisoners’ adherence to the code, inmates’ interpersonal loyalty, sexual behavior in prison, drugs, violence
and miscellaneous.
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14.
Corruption is a serious and enduring problem in Turkey. As such, a series of sustained and synchronized actions are needed
to promote integrity, and to prevent and punish corrupt practices in public life. In most recent years, subsequent cabinets
have promulgated a set of laws, regulations, and measures in the name of fighting against corruption. Yet, building a clean
government remains as a daunting, if not insurmountable, task for policy makers and the public at large in Turkey. The current
paper begins with a brief introduction, summarizing the need for new, more effective anti-corruption policies and practices
in the country. Then, it succinctly describes and assesses the main ‘pillars’ of the ‘national integrity system.’ The paper
moves on to identify and evaluate the chief ‘perils,’ challenges and risks associated with efforts aiming to contribute to
integrity, transparency and accountability in Turkish society. Finally, the paper discusses the ‘prospects’ for building a
clean government in Turkey in the near future. Among the issues brought to the present debate are: the need for a credible
commitment by the ruling elites for establishing a well-functioning integrity regime; effective coordination and collaboration
among a wide range of institutional actors; developing a set of coherent principles and policies; and creating capacity to
prevent, prosecute, and punish corrupt behaviors. It is also argued that building a clean government in Turkey requires a
strong and sustainable coalition among the clean, the competent, and the competitive.
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15.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
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16.
This article evaluates whether the changing presence of foreign firms in India has had an impact on the performance of India’s
industrial sector by impacting on the utilization of intangible capabilities within firms. Foreign firms bring in technological
skills and capabilities and these are transferred by a spillover process to all of Indian industry. The results show a strong
relationship between the growing presence of foreign firms in India and measures capturing the utilization of varieties of
competencies in Indian industry. Thus, the notion that foreign firms’ capabilities can spillover to other sectors of industry
finds support in the data.
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17.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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19.
The Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule for over two centuries until 1947. To administer the large country
and its diverse population, the British designed a criminal justice administrative system which played a key role in maintaining
their dominance and hegemony. In particular, the police organization, largely composed of natives, furthered the goals of
colonial dominance through its functions of order maintenance, crime control, and surveillance. This paper, using Gramsci’s
conception of hegemony and Foucault’s study of disciplining and control, analyzes the important role that the police played
in maintaining British rule in India.
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20.
The present essay analyses Athenian finances during the fourth century BC, the ‘Age of Demosthenes’, from both the revenue
and expenditure points of view. It examines how Athenians practiced the concept of ‘economic democracy’ on matters of public
choice, and the sometimes ingenious solutions they adopted for financing public goods such as defense, education and ‘social
security’. Ancient Athens, the ‘prototype’ political democracy, was advanced also in matters of public administration, finance
and institutions, on which political democracy was based and without their smooth running could not have functioned.
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