当前公共管理研究的误区及其思考

科学研究如果没有正确的理论作指导,就会误入歧途。中国当前的公共管理学研究存在着重技术轻制度、重视政府忽视党、重名轻实、重官员轻百姓、重西方忽视本土化等五大误区。     

公共利益：公共管理研究的逻辑起点

公共管理研究的逻辑起点不是公共问题,而应该是公共利益。因为公共问题只是公共利益的一种表现形式而已,而公共利益是公共管理的价值源,公共利益蕴含了公共管理的全部必要性,公共利益的存在形式决定公共管理活动的展开方式。     

公共管理与公众舆论

自18世纪开始兴起的公众舆论推动了近代西方民主思想的形成,而20世纪公共管理的勃兴正是这种民主思想体制化的必然结果。对于公众舆论的理性与非理性认识分野,受制于背后复杂的权力博弈。在近代公众舆论观向现代公众舆论观转型的过程中,公众权力论逐渐让位于管理控制论。由于国家-市场-市民社会的关系失衡,当代公众舆论面临着环境危机。在目前善治的要求下,公共管理从公共利益出发,必须以保护公众舆论的自由和多元为己任,确立自身被监督者、反馈者和配给者的多重角色,做到有所为和有所不为。     

论公共空间与公共管理

公共空间与公共管理之间存在内在关联,公共空间的构建和扩展源自公共管理职能的改变,而公共空间的变化也反过来促使公共管理范式变迁.浙江近三十年来公共管理实践经验表明,公共管理职能的转变,导致原来单一的公共权力空间转变为涵盖政治、经济、文化和社会等领域的多元公共空间,而公共管理方式的转变,促使公共空间在宏观、中观、微观三个层次空间的深度得到极大延伸.因此,从公共空间的视角来看待中国公共管理的未来,其关键方向在于进一步拓展公共空间的广度和深度,通过制度创新搭建各种利益主体沟通交流的平台,平衡利益冲突和矛盾,体现公平和正义的价值.     

Ethnography in Public Management Research: A Systematic Review and Future Directions

Ethnography is defined as a research methodology based on sustained, explicit, methodical observation and paraphrasing of social situations in relation to their naturally occurring events. The value of producing local observational data over extended periods of time lies in the ability to systematically explore the subjective construction of meanings and its consequences on organizational and institutional dynamics. Based on a systematic review of published ethnographic studies in the field of public management, this article investigates how ethnography has been conceptualized and employed by the scholarly community in the past 25 years (1990–2014); it highlights the methodological features of the ethnographic design; and it outlines a set of research directions for future applications of the ethnographic approach to the study of theoretically and empirically relevant phenomena. This study contributes to the growing debate of the role of methods in public management literature in informing evidence-based managerial and policy decisions.     

公共需求管理与公共服务标准化

公共服务标准化建设是服务型政府建设的一个重要发展阶段,它是与公共需求的变化相适应的。本文把人的需要分为生存型需要、安全型需要、享受型需要和发展型需要。中国目前公共需求正从生存型向安全型、享受型、发展型转变,政府公共服务精细化、标准化是这一需要变化的必然要求。政府应通过了解需求、整合需求和引导需求,推进公共服务标准化建设,提升公共服务水平。     

公共危机管理中的政府公信力重塑

面对公共危机,政府在危机管理中的理念、行为和效率都会影响其公信力。在应对危机中,政府公信力的下降则可能出现:公众对政府的危机治理意愿和能力产生怀疑而极度恐慌,政府的危机管理缺失社会力量的参与,甚至使政府与民众关系紧张乃至冲突等后果。因此,政府在控制危机的过程中,需要在公共政策运作机制、干部人事管理体制、政府法制建设与管理创新、政府组织与运作、国际沟通与协调机制等方面积极创新, 提高其公信力,并且要确立公共服务型政府、以人为本政府、信息公开和透明政府、依法行政和法制政府、市场观念和有限政府、责任意识和高效政府等现代政府理念。     

Citizen-Centered Collaborative Public Management

Civic engagement and collaborative public management are concepts that are defined broadly, making theoretical explication challenging and practical application of empirical research difficult. In this article, the authors adopt definitions of civic engagement and collaborative public management that are centered on the citizen and the potential for active citizenship. Following a historical review of civic engagement in the United States, a conceptual model of five approaches to civic engagement is offered. Citizen-centered collaborative public management is enhanced through these approaches. The authors suggest the need for further empirical research on collaborative public management that is grounded in citizenship action.     

公共政策有效转移的促进策略

政策转移在公共政策过程中具有重要意义,政策转移现象在各国公共政策活动中日益增多。为促进公共政策的有效转移,确保公共政策的转移成功,可采取的主要策略是:构建学习型政府组织,提升政策转移能力;树立科学的指导思想,制定正确的转移战略;加强政策转移的宣传,赢得政策对象的支持;拓宽信息获取的渠道,确保政策信息的全面性;健全制度环境,促进转移政策的本土化;强化绩效评估,及时反馈转移政策的运行状况。     

Performance Management in the Public Sector

There has been a great deal of work undertaken on employee performance management with the Australian Public Service (APS) over the last 4 years. The objective has been to focus upon achieving high performance rather than merely preventing poor performance. This refocus was adopted to reflect the increasing complexity of the work, a rise in the need for knowledge work, and escalations in the speed and frequency of change; all this within a context requiring a reduction in costs while still meeting the growing expectations of the public and government. This pair of papers reflects on where employee performance management has got to as a result of the work. Dr. Damian West from the Australian Public Service Commission identifies the continuing importance of effective employee performance management to the APS and public sectors more widely. He highlights the progress that has been made so far, demonstrating the importance of implementation of the process. He suggests that, now that a framework for assessing the potential for employee performance management processes has been established, accountability of the system implementation and adoption will become paramount. Professor Deborah Blackman, whilst echoing the real progress that has been made, suggests that for real improvement in performance management outcomes there needs to be a fundamental shift in thinking; not in terms of the processes or of ensuring compliance, but rather that organizations undertaking performance management need to be much clear as to the strategic direction such a process is going to support. She suggests that there has been too much emphasis on having a system and not enough on determining what such a system is for. When the papers are combined, it can be seen that much progress has been made in terms of the reorientation towards high performance and how to support organizations to work towards this. The next step, for there to be real outcome improvements, is for organizations to be more overt in determining what high performance will look like in their context, then clarifying that to all those involved in developing performance management so that accountabilities at all levels can be agreed, supported, and effective.     

高校公共管理类专业课程群建设探究——基于研究性教学的视角

从教学效果的持续性评估发现,基于单一课程的高校研究性教学面临困境,需要以课程群建设的改革加以突破。但实践表明,课程群建设存有课程相关性难以形成统一的标准、教学过程组织缺乏操作的简易性、教学资源配置不易具有针对性、教学工作量计算无法精准公平等难点,需要通过改革传统课程设置模式,进行大课程建设;整合课程内容,编撰校本教材;建立团队授课制度,采用双讲或多讲教学模式;强化科研促教学,建构科研型教学团队等措施达成课程群建设的目标。     

公共管理学科分类与学科管理

公共管理学科在我国兴起的时间并不长,其发展还处于库恩所说的"范式前阶段"。但是,散布在其他学科,与公共管理学科紧密相关的,或者说本来就应归属于公共管理学科的教学和科研活动却并不逊于其他学科。在我国改革不断向纵深发展、社会急剧转型的今天,公共管理的教育与科研活动势必要面对社会需求,把自身作为一个学科来建设,并且需要加快建设步伐,才能够走向成熟。而如何把公共管理学科建设好,是"业内"人士必须予以关注的问题。为此,在学报2006年1月召开编委会年会之际,我们和与会的专家学者商定,以笔谈的方式开设公共管理学科建设专栏,大家各抒己见,以期引起反响。在此,我们诚邀对此论题感兴趣的同道学人赐稿,为公共管理学科建设献智献力。     

公共政策在公共管理中的价值实现及作用

公共政策分析是公共管理学科的一个重要分支,分析公共政策在公共管理中的价值实现及作用对准确判断政策分析和公共管理之间的关系,并进而促进公共政策分析的发展有重要意义.从公共政策、公共管理的概念,终极目标,研究方法和角色定位等角度揭示公共政策在公共管理中的价值实现及作用,进而对政策科学的发展提出了遵循其内在规律的建议,即:公共政策学科发展应追求实效,追求对实际社会现象的改良效果;坚持科学的方法、理性的思路,坚持借用并融合自然科学的研究方法要素;应实现对社会利益分配的制衡与和谐;应体现公共部门管理的完美等,有利于实现公共政策学科的理性化和科学化.     

变革时代中的公共管理

我们正处在一个伟大的社会变革时代,这是一场从工业社会向后工业社会转变的伟大变革.社会的变革也需要治理体系以及治理方式的变革与之相适应.从2泄纪80年代以来,由于全球化、后工业化的压力而迫使各国政府都进行行政改革,而且取得了积极进展.但是,与后工业化的要求相比,还有很大距离.后工业化所提出的是建构合作治理模式的要求,而公共管理正是这样一种社会治理模式.     

Promoting Public Service Integrity: A Case for Responsible Accountability

We discuss below difference between the concepts of accountability and responsibility, in the context of government administration. We argue that New Zealand's public sector reforms, in particular, have depended on an essentially mechanistic as distinct from an organic interpretation of public organisations. A mechanistic approach focuses disproportionately on notions of organisational accountability at the expense of responsibility, and as a consequence may prove counterproductive over the longer term in maintaining high standards of ethical probity. A concept of responsible accountability needs to be developed further as a means of countering this possibility. We speculate on whether the emphasis on contractualism has enhanced or undermined an integrity-based as opposed to a compliance-based ethics regime, and the possible implications of this for the maintenance of ethical standards.     

Strategic Treasury Debt Management in Public Policy

The Treasury should supplement its bond offerings with adjustable-rate coupon bonds. The adjustable coupon would be linked to the six-month Treasury bill auction yield. Given the different magnitude of adjustable and fixed mortgage rates, the interest servicing costs would be dramatically lower for the floating-coupon bonds. This idea is already a proven winner in the corporate bond market where close to 30 percent of new Eurobond offerings in the last 10 years have been adjustable-rate bonds. In addition to reducing servicing costs, the strategy will relieve some of the burden on the long-maturity fixed-coupon bonds. Reducing the supply of the fixed-coupon bonds should increase prices and decrease long-term yields. Reduction in long-term interest rates enhances spending, construction and capital expenditures. Most importantly, these bonds help enforce a low inflation policy.     

突发公共事件应急管理研究中的重要科学问题

当今,各类突发公共事件已成为构建和谐社会的重要隐患,引起了社会各界的广泛关注.认为,加强突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题研究是我国社会经济发展过程中产生的重大现实需求,对于建立和发展富有中国特色的应急管理理论以及相应的学科体系具有重要的科学意义;在此基础上,将突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题归纳为突发公共事件应急管理体系建设战略研究、典型突发公共事件危机/灾害的机理机制研究、突发公共事件的监测预警研究、应急资源管理理论与技术研究、突发公共事件的认知与决策行为研究、突发公共事件的模拟仿真研究、突发公共事件的应急管理系统研究以及突发公共事件的后评估与重建研究,并对其研究现状和发展趋势进行了扼要的回顾和展望;最后建议国家有关部门设立重大研究计划以便加强研究力度,并就如何提炼和组织其中的科学问题提出了一些建议,可为我国开展突发公共事件应急管理中的科学问题研究提供参考.