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International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics -     

The Ancillary-Care Responsibilities of Researchers: Reasonable But Not Great Expectations

This paper argues that, in a community of rights, the prima facie responsibilities of researchers to attend to the ancillary-care needs of their participants would be determined by a four-stage test (relating to placement, capacity, reasonable imposition, and fair demand). This test, it is suggested, sets a standard (and an example) for common law courts that are invited to recognize the ancillary-care responsibilities of researchers, whether as a matter of contract or tort law.     

Avoidant But Not Avoiding: The Mediational Role of Anticipated Regret in Police Decision-making

Police officers make significant stress-inducing decisions daily. Given the influence of emotions on police work, we examine the impact of anticipated regret on the decision-making process using a cross-cultural sample. Officers were asked to hypothetically make one of two job-related decisions of varying degrees of severity: shoot a threatening suspect (or not), or issue a speeding ticket (or not). Participants’ avoidant decision-making style, feelings of anticipated regret and predicted actions were analyzed. Results supported the mediated influence of anticipated regret on the relationship between avoidant decision-making style and avoidant decisions. Decision quality was also explored as an outcome which revealed a similar mediating influence of anticipated regret. While we found no significant cross-cultural outcome differences, we did notice differences regarding the use of avoidant decision-making style between the two samples. Implications are discussed.     

It's War, Jim, But Not As We Know It: A ``Reality-Check' for International Laws of War?

International Humanitarian Laws of Armed Conflict effectively prohibit the use of terror-violence as a means or method of warfare in all circumstances of armed conflict. However, as new ``terrorist' enemies do not appear to share this humanitarian consensus, it becomes crucial to contextualise accurately any characterisation of the recent ``war' on ``global terror' as a ``war' to which International Humanitarian Law can attach. What needs to be remembered, first, is that technological innovation can destabilise accepted frameworks for waging war. Thus, any laws intended to curtail the use of particular means and methods of warfare will reflect the contemporaneous environment within which such laws were formulated. Secondly, modern laws of war evolved from nineteenth century reciprocal pacts designed to ensure minimal levels of restraint between ``civilised' peoples. While any strict contractual approach to mutuality-in-restraint has been superceded in the post-1945 era by more universalised obligations, the interests reflected in this original mutuality of interest warrant examination when distinguishing today between ``justifiable' and ``unjustifiable', or ``licit' and ``illicit', uses of violence.     

Marijuana But Not Alcohol Use During Adolescence Mediates the Association Between Transmissible Risk for Substance Use Disorder and Number of Lifetime Violent Offenses

Aim

This study determined the extent to which alcohol and marijuana use during adolescence mediates the relation between transmissible risk for substance use disorder (SUD) and lifetime number of different types of violent offenses.

Methods

The transmissible liability index was administered to 359 10-12 year old youths who were tracked to 22 years of age. Past year frequency of alcohol and marijuana consumption was longitudinally tracked to age 22 at which time lifetime violent offenses was recorded.

Results

Rate of increase in marijuana use mediated the association between transmissible risk and lifetime number of different types of violent offenses. No association was found between past year frequency of alcohol use and violent offenses.

Conclusions

Prevention directed at lowering the psychological characteristics associated with transmissible risk for SUD may also reduce violent offending.     

Police Officers Do Not Need More Training; But Different Training. Policing Domestic Violence and Abuse Involving Children: A Rapid Review

Journal of Family Violence - Although the police have been identified as a key service provider when responding to domestic violence and abuse (DVA), very few studies have investigated their...     

American Indian Tribes: ``Not as Belonging to But as Existing Within'

This article is an extended analysis of the historyand anomalies in the doctrine of American Indiantribal sovereignty. I explain that America gainedindependence, but took Indian land and colonized thetribes just as it had been colonized under theBritish. It asserted sovereignty for itself, butsubordinated the once independent tribes with aparadoxical semi-sovereign status as `dependentdomestic nations', all of this justified by the racialand cultural otherness of Indians. Using a Lacanianperspective, I show that America was founded on a`wound' or inconsistency at the heart of itsideological and constitutional order. In order torectify the inconsistencies that the initial `wound'produces, the law and political order havecontinuously had to adopt fictions (legal and racial). American law and policy has never been able to settlethe ambiguous doctrine of Indian sovereignty. As aresult, the law circles round and round in trying todefine it, and asserting and denying it, all in anunsuccessful attempt to make the constitutional orderwhole. It cannot succeed, however, since the ultimatesolution is an American sovereignty which, like God,admits of no limitation.     

保证责任不属于民事责任

保证责任的性质在我国《担保法》中没有述及,很多人将保证责任理解为一种民事责任,这从起始便把保证人放于不平衡的位置,有损害保证人权益之虞。从民事责任、义务的关系以及保证责任的自身特征角度来思考,普通意义上所说的保证责任只能是一种特殊的“一般债务”。     

I Do Not Intend to Head an Opposition

The influential Italian weekly Panorama, in cooperation with Literaturnaia gazeta, is the first foreign publication to obtain an interview with Gorbachev following his retirement. Gorbachev's interview was published in its entirety in the most recent issue of Panorama.