Constructions of whiteness: latvian women workers in post-war britain

This article examines the ways in which Latvian women recruited by Britain as ‘volunteer’ workers in 1946 were constructed by the state as superior to other female economic migrants entering the United Kingdom at the same time. It draws on the notion of the ‘wages of whiteness’ to show how the British state defined Latvians as superior to Caribbean women but also argues that whiteness itself is a multiple construct as Irish and Latvian women–both white–found themselves differentially positioned in the gender and ethnic division of labor developing in post-war Britain. Based on interviews with 25 now elderly Latvian women, the article adds personal testimonies to Paul's (Paul, K. (1997 Paul, K. 1997. Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era (Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press)) arguments about the significance of skin color vis-à-vis citizenship in post-war British immigration policy.     

家族企业传承制度面临的抉择--美国家族企业研究对华人家族企业的启示

家族企业对世界各国经济的贡献以及重要性已经获得了普遍的承认,家族企业的发展成为学术界日益关注的话题.保证企业所有权和控制权的代际平稳过渡是家族企业可持续发展的关键因素之一,对此,美国学术界进行了大量的理论研究.而华人家族企业已经发展到了第二代或第三代,但学术界对华人家族企业传承问题的研究却相对缺乏.本文结合美国家族企业传承问题的相关研究成果,分析了美国家族企业传承规划的实施现状,然后对比了华人家族企业在代际传承中出现的问题,最后对华人家族企业如何建立和完善传承机制提出了具体建议.     

The Transformation of Labor Party Immigration Policy, 1901–1945

ABSTRACT

The Commonwealth Labor government’s introduction of a program of mass immigration after the Second World War was a pivotal moment in the nation’s history. The program itself and the experiences of those who settled in Australia have been studied closely by historians and social scientists. Less attention has been given to the fact that the postwar policy represented a transformation of Labor’s traditional attitude to immigration. Since its foundation in the 1890s, the Australian Labor Party had been suspicious of immigration and opposed to programs of assisted immigration on the basis that migrant labour threatened the wages and conditions of Australian workers. This article traces Labor’s attitudes to migration before the Second World War and shows how economic and security exigencies compelled the party to repudiate its decades-long opposition to assisted immigration. The article suggests that the reason that the postwar immigration program does not receive greater prominence in histories of the Labor Party is because the policy and its chief architect, Arthur Calwell, are diminished by their association with the White Australia policy.     

Rein Taagepera: The vanguard of the Baltic thinking class

This article constructs a picture of change and stasis in cultures of gender in Latvia and theorizes the effect of these gender cultures on practices of family formation in the early post-communist period. Drawing in particular on women's perspectives, it offers an analysis grounded in gender and culture of the decline of marriage and the rise of non-marital births. The work argues that a narrative of male ‘marriageability’ has evolved as a component of feminine gender culture and offers one possible lens for analyzing post-communist demographic changes. While this research focuses on Latvia, the demographic trends noted have also characterized neighboring states.     

东南亚华人企业治理结构探微

华人企业的显著特征就是其治理结构的家族化 ,创业者家族能够将企业控制权牢牢地控制在自家手中。至于如何才能获得并牢牢地掌握企业控制权 ,中小企业和所有权相对较为分散的大型企业有所不同。对于数量占绝大多数的中小企业 ,由于通过高度集中所有权从而集中控制权 ,其股份不能够多元化 ,不能吸收外部资本 ,致使多数华人企业长不大。对于所有权相对较为分散的大型华人企业 ,其所有权与控制权分离往往采用暗箱操作 ,既不具有透明度 ,也不利于吸引外部投资者 ,不但不利于其进一步发展壮大 ,而且由于创业者家族掌握的控制权与其所有权不对称 ,具有从事高风险投资和压榨小股东之倾向 ,此乃亚洲金融危机的一个重要诱因。     

The Baltic Question in West German Politics, 1949–90

While previous research by international lawyers has emphasized Bonn's value-neutral legalistic approach to the Baltic question from 1949 to 1990, this article–based on documents from the German Foreign Ministry archives–shows that the West Germans saw the Baltic issue as a political problem that interfered with their highest national aim: German unification. It addresses the following questions: first, why Bonn never made an official announcement of, and never publicly gave a justification for, its stance on the Baltic question; and second, why Bonn granted Baltic refugees the same rights that it offered other Heimat-less foreigners, whereas the remnants of Baltic diplomatic services or self-proclaimed exile governments found no official recognition in Germany. Finally, it comments on the role of the so-called German Balts in West German politics, and in Bonn's Baltic policies specifically.     

论日本农业女性的家庭经济地位

日本农业经营以家庭经营为基本单位。这种经营模式的一大特点就是统一核算所有收入。这种计算方式下无法确定个人对收入的贡献,也没有明确的收入分配制度,由此产生了女性劳动得不到评价的问题。在概观日本家庭农业经营特点的基础上,分析女性对日本农业的贡献,从家庭经济地位的角度阐明日本农业女性实际所处的状况和面临的问题。     

元禄时期日本中下层町家女性形象分析——以井原西鹤《世间胸算用》为中心

井原西鹤于元禄5年（1692年）出版的小说《世间胸算用》以当时町人的经济现实状况为素材,正视了那些贪恋金钱、在艰难的生活中痛苦挣扎的中、下层町人,把如何生存、如何生活下去作为思考的问题,肯定了受金钱折磨的中、下层町人的生活,描绘了在严峻的现实环境中艰难生存的人的力量。通过对《世间胸算用》中中、下层町家女性的职业、对生活的姿态、地位的分析,不仅可以了解江户时代中期中、下层町家女性的生存实态以及她们的形象特征,也能够理解生存重压下的这些女性对＂自爱＂和＂自由＂之向往与她们在现实生活中的无奈。     

家族企业继承机制及其文化基础的国际比较

家族企业对经济的重要贡献已经得到公认 ,而家族企业对继承人的选择、培养以及是否实施适当的继承规划机制是关系到家族企业的持续发展、乃至生死存亡的关键问题 ,本文试图通过比较华人家族企业、美国家族企业和日本家族企业在企业代际传承中的实践 ,发现华人家族企业的现状 ,以便对华人家族企业下一步应采取的步骤有更清楚的认识。     

日本平安时代大江氏家族的贡举参与探究

大江氏家族是日本平安时代名闻遐迩的文化世家,公元7-8世纪中国科举制的东传为大江氏家族发展提供了重要契机。大江氏家族自始祖大江音人以来,读书应举,十一世父子、兄弟连第,可谓是英才迭出。研究大江氏家族的贡举参与不仅有益于剖析大江氏家族贡举成功的原因,还能把握大江氏家族与日本贡举制特征的内在关联性,挖掘贡举制度无法根植在日本社会的泉源。     

日本“无缘死”研究中的共同体主义意识形态辨析

"无缘死"现象经日本NHK电视台传播以后迅速成为日本社会学界关注的热点,其相关研究在近五年来也层出不穷。日本学界将"无缘死"这一现象产生的原因归结于共同体解体,即包括家庭功能的衰退导致的家庭的解体、雇佣制度变革带来的大规模失业等,日本正迈向个体化时代。从这些研究结论不难看出,日本社会学界并未摆脱共同体主义意识形态预设,依然将共同体看作是稳固、静态、有凝聚力的集团,认为"无缘死"是日本家庭、村落、企业等共同体凝聚功能失效的后果。然而,这一意识形态预设不仅在理论上存在矛盾,也与日本社会的经验不相符。     

日本家族政治的现状及成因分析

20世纪60年代后,家族政治开始在日本政坛出现,人们对日本家族政治开始关注起来。1955年自民党成立,之后的38年间日本政坛大致经历了4代家族政治人物。在现任议员中“世袭议员”占了40％,在发达国家中这个比例是最高的。日本家族政治的形式在归纳起来大致为3大类：一是随同父兄进入国会、二是长期的工作上形成的信任关系、三是门生与老师的关系,当然家族政治也是按照一定原则形成起来的,其形成是日本传统的家族制度,选举制度、派阀政治以及后援会的存在共同影响的结果。