“最高国家权力机关”的权力边界

《宪法》第62条第16项对全国人民代表大会作了兜底式授权。鉴于全国人大在我国的特殊优越地位,如何在宪法框架内为其划定权力边界,是理论上与实践上的重大议题。宪法上所称的最高国家权力机关应当作为一个规范概念予以把握,以判断全国人民代表大会的权限。第一,最高国家权力机关的最高是指在公权力机关序列中的相对优越,而不是绝对无限;第二,最高国家权力机关在行使监督权时,不应损及被监督者依据宪法而享有的职权的完整性与独立性;第三,最高国家权力机关的实际行动能力决定了应当由其行使的职权是有限的。     

论国家紧急权力

国家紧急权力是国家在宣布进入紧急状态之后所行使的一种不受民主宪政的分权原则和人权保障原则的一般限制的国家权力,其目的是通过必要的权力集中与人权克减来达到消灭危机、恢复国家正常秩序的目的。国家紧急权力的行使涉及到所有的国家机关,三权分立的宪政原则要在一定程度上转变为三权合作,以便集中所有的国家机器来应对危机。国家紧急权力的行使由于具有高度的集中性与独裁性,因此必须建立相应的制约机制以保证紧急状态的宣布不会成为独裁专制的开始。     

权力的分化及国家权力的社会化--评郭道晖的《论权力的多元化与社会化》

公民权利与国家权力的关系问题是法学（包括法理学）的一个基本问题。就我国国内的研究看,对于权力问题的关注则是近些年的事,最初是对权利和义务关系的讨论,之后一部分学者将目光投向对于国家权力问题的考察。 ２０世纪８０年代以来,国内对于权力问题的研究逐渐从政治学领域转向法理学界,涌现出一些研究成果。尽管学术论著不多,但所涉足的范围已囊括了权力的概念、类别、构成、起源、分化、演变、异化,以及权力与权利、权力与责任、权力与民主宪政、权力腐败与权力制约等诸多方面,其见解不乏新意。ｏ权力问囚的彼关注自然同正处于…     

The State and Power

The historic decisions of the 22nd Party Congress, and the new Party Program adopted by that congress, have posed major and serious tasks before Soviet social science, particularly that of a comprehensive study of the paths of development from the socialist state to communist public self-government. In the solution of this task, Soviet philosophers and jurists inevitably encounter questions pertaining to the concept of power and its relationship to the state. (1)     

论法律的惯性

法律的惯性是衡量法律优劣的标准,法律的惯性对指导立法、指导修改法律以及指导法院判案具有重大意义。法律的惯性与一定的社会状态相对应,在法律的实施中,法律与社会相互作用、相互影响,当社会出现不和谐状态时,应及时修改相应的法律,法律的惯性最终会引导法律走上有序状态。     

State Power and Self-Government Under Socialism

The experience of history offers persuasive evidence that socialism can take firm root and develop successfully only if the power of the working class is solid and rigorous, and if that class acts in alliance with all other working elements of the population, if society is led by a Marxist-Leninist party, and if there is a carefully structured and active state. That state must function as organizer of economic, political, and cultural development. Socialist ownership of the fundamental means of production must prevail in an environment of extensive application of the principles of socialist democratic procedures. The communist and workers' parties of the lands of the socialist commonwealth, basing their activity on the universal regularities of the struggle for socialism and communism, creatively develop revolutionary theory and strive for further progress in all spheres of the life of society.     

State Power in Countries of Socialist Orientation

One of the major questions in the Marxist-Leninist theory of noncapitalist development of formerly backward countries is that of state power. In such countries, state power has come into being under conditions of distinctive relationships of class forces (primarily in the absence of the hegemony of any particular class); in turn, it exercises an enormous influence upon the processes of development of classes and their regrouping. The social nature of many phenomena and institutions is indissolubly linked to the character of state power. Moreover, the revolutionary establishment of the new power is the starting point of noncapitalist development itself. Therefore, a correct solution of the question of the nature of state power holds fundamental significance for the evaluation of the principal aspects of sociopolitical life in the countries of socialist orientation.     

论国家所有权与行政权的关系

宪法上的国家所有权是保障每个公民平等合理利用国有财产的公共控制权,指属于国家所有的财产应当处于国家的最高控制之下,国家机关不能禁止公民对国有财产进行合理利用,因而具有强烈的公权属性,并内在地决定了只能经由立法权和行政权的行使才能实现国有的目的。从现行法对国家所有权权能的配置来看,在国有财产的具体用途被确定之前,抽象层面的国家所有权权能与行政权的行使是无法分离的。在国有财产的用途依法被确定为生活资料之后,国家所有权与行政权也不可分离,但是在国有财产的用途依法被确定为生产资料之后,国家所有权权能就应当与行政权分离。     

民主政治视野下的国家权力主体研究

在民主政治中,国家权力属于人民,人民是国家权力的所有主体;人民委托公务员行使国家权力,公务员成为国家权力的行使主体.人民作为国家权力的所有主体坚持权利本位是人民享有权利的内在逻辑.公务员作为国家权力的行使主体必须切实为人民服务,坚持义务本位是公务员行使权力的必然要求.公务员的义务本位与人民的权利本位是统一的,人民权利本位是公务员义务本位的理论基础,公务员义务本位是公民权利本位的必然要求.     

论规范国家权力运行的重点环节

规范国家权力运行,是法治建设的基本问题.规范国家权力,保障公民权利,是对立统一的一对矛盾.矛盾中的两方面中,必有一方面是主要的,他方面是次要的.其主要的方面,即所谓矛盾起主导作用的方面.依法治国的"国",不是地理概念上的国,而是指国家机器.依法治国,就是使国家权力依法运行.依法治国,既治官、也治民,但基本精神是治掌握各种国家权力的官.人民对权力的监督制约,重点是干部人事权、财政预算权、行政管理权、执法司法权.但是在抓住主要矛盾方面的同时,不能忽视次要矛盾方面,对公民行为也要进行有效的持久的法制教育.     

State Power,the Politics of Debt and Confronting Neoliberal Authoritarianism

As an intellectual, economic, political and legal project, neoliberalism is not directed towards the rolling back of the state as an aim in itself. While its deregulatory tendencies, its commodification of public services and the undermining of systems of social welfare superficially suggest a generalised reduction in state power, it has been clear from the early 1980s that one of neoliberalism’s primary concerns has been the authoritarian reshaping of state power to engineer particular social outcomes, whether in criminal justice, the disciplining of organised labour, the militarisation of national territory and migration, or the extension and deepening of regimes of austerity. This article introduces the recent work of Maurizio Lazzarato, who has argued that the asymmetrical creditor-debtor relationship is now the archetype of contemporary, neoliberal social relations. Ultimately, Lazzarato’s perspective tends to exaggerate the totalising powers of finance capital and leads him to endorse a form of political voluntarism, which fails to address the role of the neoliberal state as a site for forms of authoritarianism which are not solely generated by the debt relation. As a response, it will be suggested that aspects of Nicos Poulantzas’s concept of ‘authoritarian statism’ can be used to both strengthen our understanding of the authoritarian characteristics of the neoliberal state, and to imagine possibilities for resisting its expressions of power.     

国家亲权理论与少年司法——以美国少年司法为中心的研究

国家亲权理论是英美法系国家少年司法制度的基本理论根基,它强调国家对未成年人的积极保护责任,要求超越报应主义观念,遵循"未成年人最大利益原则"来处理少年罪错行为。国家亲权理论对于克服刑事古典学派的弊端,推动少年司法制度的进步发挥了重要的作用。但国家亲权理论在少年司法中的应用容易产生理念与实践之间的落差,如何缩小这种落差是英美国家少年司法改革的重要特征。中国的少年司法政策与国家亲权理论存在一定的类同之处,在今后的少年司法改革中应当注意吸收国家亲权理论与英美国家少年司法整合历程中的经验与教训。     

论国家权力机关行使监督权的界限

国家权力机关对国家行政、审判和检察机关正确行使监督权,应根据被监督的三机关的性质和特点进行监督,其界限是既保证三机关依法履行自己的职责,又使国家权力机关不失职不越权。这对实施依法治国方略,推进民主与法制建设具有重要意义。     

司法规律层次论

司法规律属于社会规律之范畴。它内在地包括构造论规律、运行论规律和生成论规律三个基本层次。其中,构造论规律揭示出司法的构成单元及其相互关系和基本属性;运行论规律揭示出司法的运行方式及其基本法则和价值趋向;生成论规律则揭示出司法的生成和进化的历史过程和深层本质。借助于由构造论规律和运行论规律所构成的司法客体规律,可以认识和把握司法现象,唯借助于生成论规律方能认识和把握司法之本质。在生成论规律看来,司法规律并非在先给定,也非司法本身所固有,而是在司法实践的历史过程中生成的。因此,由司法体制及其构造与运行模式等所构成的司法客体形式,并不是司法本质的决定性因素,而仅仅是认识司法本质的一种媒介。欲认识和把握司法的本质,必须从客体规律转向实践规律,转向主观见之于客观的司法实践的历史过程之中,转向支配司法实践的司法社会关系之中。     

The Last Year of Soviet Inertia

This article addresses the radical changes in Russian foreign policy that took place in 2014. By the end of 2013, Moscow had exhausted the potential for progressively raising its international status by evolutionary means. As 2014 approached, Russia started to define its own habitat. The trigger was a clash between comprehensive and mutually exclusive integration projects.