Unitary states and peripheral regions: a model of heterogeneous spatial clubs

Efficiency explanations of the wealth and size of nations provide useful insights into the history and current makeup of nations. We focus here on two related issues that matter, for instance, in large areas such as Western or Eastern Europe, or Canada. We develop an analytical framework for understanding the limits of constitutional unity. This microeconomic model of unitary states deals with two kinds of heterogeneity. First, preference distance or physical distance account for decreasing net benefits from expansion. Second, heterogeneity may involve a discontinuity in the spatial pattern of preferences: “peripheral behaviors” threaten unity. We integrate such behaviors into the model and draw some lessons as to the nature of an optimal constitutional area, discussing in particular the status of peripheral regions.     

Structuring Independent Adoptions: A Report of One Court's Program

Abstract The private adoption procedures established by statute in many states, allow for the placement of a child into the custody of perspective adoptive parents without an investigation by a licensed placement agency. Courts, which issue Waivers of Prior Written Approval, often do so without sufficient information about the Petitioners. The Allen Superior Court of Indiana has developed a procedure designed to furnish the court with sufficient information and to aid the adoptive parents through an education program. Results of the evaluation of the program are reported. Generally, the program was determined to be of value to the court.     

浅析一人公司

一人公司的出现,是随市场经济的发展,个人出资经营者为追求有限责任利益,将其独资企业采取有限责任公司或股份有限公司形式的结果。我国公司法应当顺应世界立法潮流,明确地赋予一人公司之合法性,而暂不允许一人股份有限公司的设立;同时,通过完善公司法的一些规定,严格限制一人有限公司的股东滥用有限责任。     

With the One Coin for Fee: A.E. Houseman's Law

Any abstract would ruin the poetic economy ofthis text. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Service Conception: Just One Simple Question

It is crystal clear that the Service Conception includes at least three conditions, what I shall call: the ‘normal justification condition’, the ‘independence condition’ and the ‘dependence condition’. The overarching rationale of these conditions is that they ensure that authority is only justified when it provides the best means for the subject to conform to the reasons for action that she actually has. However, it is difficult to clarify whether Raz implicitly presupposes a fourth necessary condition. This condition might be called a ‘reliable belief condition’, that is, that the putative subject must reliably believe that the putative authority-agent satisfies the Service Conception (or more precisely, its other three conditions). In sum, the purpose of this paper is to pose Joseph Raz one simple question: is it a necessary condition of your Service Conception, that the subject believes that the authority-agent satisfies the Service Conception? As a matter of interpretation, different parts of Raz’s work appear to lead in entirely opposite directions: some parts clearly support the reliable belief condition, others do not. Regardless of Raz’s ultimate answer, however, the question reveals a broader inconsistency. Only if the Service Conception does include the belief condition will it support Raz’s claim that authority is consistent with one’s rational ‘self-reliance’, that is, acting upon one’s own judgement (including, as to who has authority). Only if the Service Conception does not include the belief condition will it support Raz’s perfectionist account of government. It seems Raz must choose between one or other.     

A Regulation of Bids for Dual Class Shares. Implication: Two Shares—One Price

This paper examines the consequences of a specific regulatory restriction on bids for dual class shares. Shares of different classes are often argued to have different prices because a premium will be paid to the superior voting shares in the case of a tender offer. This paper assumes a setup where regulations require that a tender offer pays the same relative premium to both classes of shares. In this setup, it is shown that both classes will sell at the same price as long as there is a strictly positive probability that either the current management is sufficiently strong or that a sufficiently strong rival will show up. Furthermore, under this weak condition the regulation is socially optimal in the sense that the management that provides the highest total firm value will be the management of the firm. Finally, the regulation is shown to favor (or protect) the holders of restricted voting shares and this is not necessarily at the expense of the holders of superior voting shares.The practical interest of this paper derives from the fact that some European countries have adopted different regulatory restrictions on bids for dual class shares. This has more or less occurred due to proposed EU Directives. The regulation examined in this paper applies to tender offers in Denmark. Empirical results on the voting premium in Denmark are shown to be consistent with the theoretical results in this paper.     

魏晋谋反罪中的兄弟连坐——基于公孙渊案、钟会案、杨骏案的考察

若说魏晋间罪名的界定和相关处罚规定、原则存在因袭汉律或发生变异的话,仅靠律文表述恐怕不足以说明问题,有相关案例可证可佐或许是更重要的依据。就谋反罪中所涉及的兄弟连坐问题而言,公孙渊、钟会、杨骏三案具备兄弟中有人谋反,有人陈情自告却又株连入罪的共性;但处理结果却生杀两殊。在承认古人有遇事求同类比的心理前提下分析三案,恐怕我们对任何案例所要认识的并不仅仅是罪与罚的问题,而是罪与罚背后的法律观念、价值与判断,以及古人是如何理解、接受甚至批判的。     

Children Who Have Been Traumatized: One Court's Response

A court that is trauma‐informed can assist with the process of identifying children in need of trauma‐focused services and can provide education and direction to families frustrated by prior treatment failures. The unique role of the juvenile court judge as a community convener offers an opportunity to increase community awareness about the impact of trauma, and to promote the adoption of evidence‐based treatment for trauma victims. This article outlines the way that increased trauma awareness and trauma screening within a family court system mobilized the development of effective resources for children and families affected by trauma.     

关于我国"一人公司"立法问题的研究

随着我国公司制企业的发展,出现了一种特殊的公司形式——一人公司,一人公司已经被越来越多的国家立法所承 认。但目前我国没有健全的财产登记制度,也未建立严格意义上的公司人格否认制度,因此,在我国暂不应允许自然人一人公司的设 立。