REVIEWS

OPEN GOVERNMENT: A STUDY OF THE PROSPECTS OF OPEN GOVERNMENT WITHIN THE LIMITATIONS OF THE BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM Richard A. Chapman and Michael Hunt (eds.)
RE-THINKING POLICY PLANNING Robin Hambleton School for Advanced Urban Studies
NEW PRIORITIES IN PUBLIC SPENDING M. S. Levitt (ed.) Gower, 1987. Joint Studies in Public Policy 13. 129pp. £17.50.
RE-MAKING URBAN SCOTLAND: STRATEGIES FOR LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Michael Keating and Robin Boyle
A THEORY OF PLANNING John Since
LOCAL PLANNING IN PRACTICE Michael Bruton and David Nicholson
DEREGULATING TELECOMS: COMPETITION AND CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES. JAPAN AND BRITAIN Jill Hills Frances Pinter
THE ECONOMIC APPROACH TO SOCIAL POLICY S. T. Charles and A. L. Webb Wheatsheaf Books
PARLIAMENT – AND TERRITORIALITY J. Barry Jones and R. A. Wilford
PATTERNS OF PARLIAMENTARY LEGISLATION Denis van Mechelen and Richard Rose Gower     

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article
Administrative Theories and Politics Peter Self.
Guide to Library Research in Public Administration Anthony E. Simpson.
Business and Government: Towards a More Profitable Partnership Institute of Management Consultants.
Battle for the Counties: Guide to the County Council Elections 1977 David M. Clark.
Introduction to Social Administration Muriel Brown.
The British System of Taxation Central Office of Information.
Trade Unions Central Office of Information.
More than Management Development: Action Learning at GEC David Casey and David Pearce.
Financial Management Handbook G. M. Dickinson and J. E. Lewis.
Informatics and Administration International Institute of Administrative Sciences
The Data Processing Security Game Robert S. Becker.
The English Legal System K. J., Eddey.
Legal Decisions and Information Systems Jon Bing and Trygve Harold.
Cases and Materials on Planning Law Michael Purdue.
International Regulatory Regimes Vol. 1 . David M. Leive.
Perceptions of Federalism by Canadian and Australian Public Servants: A Comparative Analysis Richard H. Leach.
The Panchayat Administration in West Bengal Asok K. Mukhopadhyay.
Night Work J. Carpentier and P. Cazamian.
Collective Bargaining Clive Jenkins and Barrie Sherman.
Local Authority Accounting in Ireland T. P. Golden.     

Book Notes

Book review in this article
The Government and Politics of France: Vol. II Politics Dorothy Pickles.
Industry and the Civil Service Nicholas Ridley.
Urban Government for Rio de Janeiro Ivan L. Richardson.
Urban Government for Valencia, Venezuela Mark W.Cannon
Judicial Review of Administrative Action S.A.de Smith.
Constitutional and Administrative Law O.Hood Phillips.
Cases and Statutes on Constitutional and Administrative Law H.W.Clarke.
The English Legal System A.K.R.Kiralfy.
Cases and Materials on the English Legal System Geoffrey Wilson.
Social Security and Society Victor George.
Poverty and Equality in Britain: A Study of Social Security and Taxation J.C.Kincaid.
Present and Future in Higher Education Edited by R.E.Bell and A. J.Youngson.
An Accessions Tax C.T.Sandford, J.K.Willis and D. J.Ironside.
Hidden Costs of Taxation C.T.Sandford.
Handbook of O & M Analysis W.A.R.Webster.
Current Practice in Program Budgeting (PPBS) David Novick
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Public Expenditure G.H.Peters.
Building Permits: A Comparative Study General Rapporteur: Jaques Stassen.
Transportation Planning and Public Policy D.N.M.Starkie.
Policy in Transport in New Zealand M.R.Palmer (ed.)
Implementation Jeffrey L.Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky.
A Practical Guide to Flexible Working Hours Stephen J.Baum and W.McEwan Young.
The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions Theodore L.Becker and Malcolm M.Feeley.
Opening up the Suburbs: An Urban Strategy for America Anthony Downs.
Training for Communication John Adair.
Collective Bargaining in the Public Service
Councils, Committees and Boards Edited by I.G.Anderson.     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this Articles Value Systems and Social Process By Sir Geoffrey Vickers. Democracy and the Public Service By Frederick C.Mosher. Specialists and Generalists: A Comparative Study of the Professional Civil Servant at Home and Abroad Edited by F.F.Ridley. British Government and Politics By R.M.Punnett. The Government of Modern Britain By F.Stacey. The Legislative Process in Great Britain By S.A. Walkland. Ombudsmen for American Government Edited by Stanley V.Anderson. The Politics of Science: Readings in Science, Technology and Government Edited by William R.Nelson. Geography and Regional Planning By T.W.Freeman. Comparative Social Administration By Barbara Rodgers and others.     

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article
Local Government and Politics Martin Cross and David Mallen.
Introduction to British Government S. G. Richards.
People and Parliament John P. Mackintosh.
Directions for Change: Review of New South Wales Government Administration An Interim Report by Peter Wilenski
A History of Police in England and Wales T. A. Critchley.
Companion to Management Studies Harold Lucas.
Zero-Base Budgeting in the Public Sector: A Pragmatic Approach Peter C. Sarant.
An Introduction to Selection Interviewing Dr. E. Anstey.
Understanding Job Evaluation Mike Burns.
Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process Jay M. Shafritz et al.
Computers and Local Government. Vol. 1. A Manager's Guide Kenneth L. Kraemer and John Leslie King.
Socialising Public Ownership Martyn Sloman.
The Development of the British Welfare State 1880–1975 J. R. Hay.
The Origins of British Social Policy Pat Thane (ed.)
Social Policy 1830–1914: Individualism, Collectivism and the Origins of the Welfare State Eric J. Evans (ed.)
The Changing National Health Service R. G. S. Brown.
The Organization of Soviet Medical Care Michael Ryan.
Health Services in Britain 9th ed. HMSO
Social Services in Britain 11th ed. HMSO
Schools in Britain HMSO
Governance of Federal Regulatory Agencies David M. Welborn.
Price Determination and Prices Policy Joan Mitchell.
Workers' Participation in Industry Michael Poole
Inside the System J. L. Hesketh.
Hello, Good Evening and Welcome … John Brand.
Law on Accidents to Health Service Staff and Volunteers W. A. J. Farndale and Susan Russell.     

Street children in North and Latin America: Preliminary data fromproyecto alternativos in Tegucigalpa and some comparisons with the U.S. case

The decade of the 1980s witnessed a dramatic transformation in the character of homelessness in the United States and elsewhere in the developed world. Whereas in previous decades the U.S. homeless were predominantly older, largely white, brokendown alcoholic men (or at least were stereotypified as such), today a sizable fraction are women and children. Indeed, women, children, and youth now comprise more than three-eighths of the total homeless population of the United States (Wright 1989). As the U.S. homeless have come to be comprised of proportionally more women and children, so have they come more and more to resemble the street populations of the Third World, where homelessness, family disorganization, exploitation, and abandonment of children have become increasingly important problems during the past decade.     

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article
The British M.P. Colin Mellors.
Conservative Dissidents: Dissent within the Conservative Party 1970–74 Philip Norton, Maurice Temple Smith Ltd.
The European Parliament and the European Community Valentine Herman and Juliet Hodge.
The Macmillan Guide to the UK 1978–79 A. Box and S. Fairfield (Eds.)
The Constitution and Constitutional Change in Ireland Basil Chubb.
The Year Book of Social Policy in Britain 1977 Muriel Brown and Sally Baldwin (eds.)
Issues in Social Policy Kathleen Jones, John Brown and Jonathan Bradshaw.
A Bibliography of Educational Administration in the United Kingdom D. A. Howell.
British Economic Policy 1960–74 F. T. Blackaby (ed.)
Soldiers and Oil: The Political Transformation of Nigeria Keith Panter-Brick (ed.)
A Textbook of Personnel Management George Thomason.
Zero-Base Budgeting and Program Evaluation Joseph S. Wholey.
A Practical Approach to Financial Management John Gibbs.
Local Government Explained Ivor H. Seeley.
A Systems View of Planning George Chadwick.
An Introduction to Regional Planning John Glasson.
Public Section Investment Planning for Developing Countries E. V. K. Fitzgerald.     

Reviews

Books reviewed:
Robert T. Nakamura and Thomas W. Church, Taming Regulation: Superfund and the Challenge of Regulatory Reform
Paul Teske, Regulation in the States
M. Barzelay and C. Campbell, Preparing for the Future: Strategic Planning in the US Air Force
Jonathan Zeitlin and David M. Trubek (eds), Governing Work and Welfare in the New Economy: European and American Experiments
Geoffrey Brennan and Francis G. Castles (eds), Australia Reshaped: 200 Years of Institutional Transformation
Nevil Johnson, Reshaping the British Constitution: Essays in Political Interpretation
Philip Haynes, Managing Complexity in the Public Services
Catherine Bochel and Hugh M. Bochel, The UK Social Policy Process
Handley Stevens, Transport Policy in the European Union
Jonathan G.S. Koppell, The Politics of Quasi-Government: Hybrid Organisations and the Dynamics of Bureaucratic Control     

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article
The Reformed Local Government System Peter G. Richards.
The Finance of Local Government N. P. Hepworth.
Local Authority Revenues R. E. Lake and others.
The Individual Citizen and Public Participation William Hampton and Raymond Walker.
The Law and Practice Relating to Local Authority Meetings Raymond S. B. Knowles.
The Government and Politics of France Vincent Wright.
The Irish Department of Finance 1922–58 Ronan Fanning.
The Management of Canadian Urban Government T. J. Plunkett and G. M. Betts.
The Australian Development Assistance Agency: A Post-Mortem Report Nancy Viviani and Peter Wilenski.
The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism Wallace E. Oates (ed.)
Transplanted Indo-British Administration V. Subramaniam.
Public Enterprise and the Public Interest: Proceedings of an International Seminar Andre Gelinas (ed.)
The Public's Business: The Politics and Practices of Government Corporations Annmarie Hauck Walsh.
Planning in the ESB John Roche.
The British Tax System J. A. Kay and M. A. King.
Housing Rents, Costs and Subsidies: A Discussion Document Alexander Grey, Noel P. Hepworth and John Odling-Smee.
Welfare Rights: The Local Authority's Role Anne Howard.
Essays on planning Theory and Education Andreas Faludi.
Town Planning and the Practice of Politics John Gyford.
An Outline of Planning Law Sir Desmond Heap.
Health Care in Big Cities Leslie H. W. Paine (ed.)
We are Richer than We Think Community Affairs Department, Conservative Central Office
The Changing Faces of Juvenile Justice V. Lorne Stewart (ed.)
Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Practical Guide Lee G. Anderson and F. Settle.
Privacy J. B. Young (ed.)
Management in the Police Service D. Wainwright and N. A. Smith.     

Voting Counts: Participation in the Measurement of Democracy

The measures of democracy commonly used in empirical research suffer notable limitations, primarily the exclusion of participation. As a result, quantitative studies may undervalue the effect of democracy on important social outcomes or misinterpret the aspect of democracy responsible for that effect. We respond by introducing and validating two variants of a new indicator, the Participation Enhanced Polity Score (PEPS), which augments institutional factors with the breadth of citizen participation. We demonstrate, using statistical evidence on democratic persistence, basic needs fulfillment, and gender equality, that no measure of democracy can be considered an accurate representation of its basic character without directly including participation as a core component. Bruce E. Moon is professor of international relations at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He is the author ofThe Political Economy of Basic Human Needs (Cornell University Press. 1991) and two editions ofThe Dilemmas of International Trade (Westview Press, 1996, 2000). Jennifer Harvey Birdsall is a researcher for a NGO in Geneva, Switzerland. She received her B.A. in international relations and economics from Lehigh University and her M.S. in global affairs from Rutgers University-Newark. Sylvia Ciesluk is pursuing an M.A. at the Fletcher School at Tufts University. She received her B.S. in economics from Lehigh University. Lauren M. Garlett is a geography teacher at Bellamy Middle School in Chicopee, Massachusetts. She received both her B.A in international relations and her M.Ed. in secondary education from Lehigh University. Joshua J. Hermias is associate director of the Global Young Leaders Conference in Washington, D.C. He received his B.A. in economics from Lehigh University and his M.A. in international development from the University of East Anglia, Norwich, England. Elizabeth Mendenhall is pursuing a Masters in International Affairs (MIA) in economic and political development at Columbia University. She received a B.A. in international relations at Lehigh University. Patrick D. Schmid is a Ph.D. candidate in computer science at Lehigh University. He received both his B.S. and M.S. in computer science from Lehigh University. Wai Hong Wong is a research associate at FactSet Research Systems. He received his B.A. in international relations and economics at Lehigh University. We are grateful for the helpful suggestions of Frank Davis, Bill Dixon, Chaim Kaufmann, Rajan Menon, Pamela Paxton, Larry Taylor, and the anonymous reviewers.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this article
The European Administrative Elite John A.Armstrong.
English Local Government Reformed Lord Redcliffe-Maud and Bruce Wood.
The Planner in Society David Eversley.
Traffic Congestion Goes Through the Issue-Machine: A Case-Study in Issue Processing, Illustrating a New Approach David Braybrooke
Politics and Land Use Planning: The London Experience Stephen L.Elkin.
Transport Organization in a Great City: The Case of London M.F.Collins and T.M.Pharoah.
Private Enterprise and Public Intervention: The Courtaulds Experience Arthur Knight.     

REVIEWS

THE BRITISH POLITICAL TRADITION VOLUME 3: A MUCH GOVERNED NATION – PARTS 1 AND 2 W. H. Greenleaf Methuen
MINISTERS AND MINISTRIES: A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS Richard Rose
RULING PERFORMANCE: BRITISH GOVERNMENTS FROM ATTLEE TO THATCHER Peter Hennessy and Anthony Seldon (eds.)
RESHAPING CENTRAL GOVERNMENT: RESHAPING OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR. VOL 1 John Gretton and Anthony Harrison (eds.)
DON AND MANDARIN: MEMOIRS OF AN ECONOMIST Donald MacDougall John Murray
MANAGING PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS: LESSONS FROM CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE Jan Kooiman and Kjell A. Eliassen (eds.)
PUBLIC POLICY-MAKING FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT J. A. Chandler
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE COMMUNITY Colin Mellors and Nigel Copperthwaite
LEARNING FROM LOCAL AUTHORITY BUDGETING Howard Elcock and Grant Jordan (eds.)
THE GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPENDING M. S. Levitt and M. A. S. Joyce
DEVELOPING LOCAL ECONOMIC STRATEGIES Allan Cochrane (ed.)
POLITICAL ETHICS AND PUBLIC OFFICE Dennis F. Thompson
BUREAUCRATIC DISCRETION: LAW AND POLICY IN FEDERAL REGULATORY AGENCIES Gary C. Bryner
THE WELFARE STATE IN TRANSITION: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WELFARE PLURALISM Norman Johnson
PROPERTY BEFORE PEOPLE: THE MANAGEMENT OF TWENTIETH CENTURY COUNCIL HOUSING Anne Power
ROOSEVELT TO REAGAN: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN PRESIDENCY M. Shaw (ed.)
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE TO THE LITERATURE Howard E. McCurdy     

Books received

The Economy of Bangladesh. By Azizur Rahman Khan. London : Macmillan and New York: St. Martins Press, 1972. Pp. xviii + 196; £4.95.

Matching Employment Opportunities and Expectations: A Programme of Action for Ceylon. Report by the International Labour Office. Geneva, 1971. Pp. xvii + 251; £1.60 and U.S.$4.

Price Consistency in Development Planning. By Peter A. Cornelisse. Rotterdam University Press, 1973. Pp. xiv + 154 n.p.

The Mexican Economy: Twentieth‐Century Structure and Growth. By Clark W. Reynolds. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. Pp. xxiv, 468; £6.05.

Nutrition, National Development and Planning. Edited by A. Berg, N. S. Scrimshaw and D. L. Call. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T., 1973. Pp. 400. £4–50.

The Nutrition Factor: its Role in National Development. By Alan Berg, Portions with Robert J. Muscat. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1973. Pp. xii 4‐ 290, Tables, Figures. $8.95.

The Ecology of Malnutrition in Mexico and Central America. By Jacques M. May and Donna L. McLellan. New York: Hafner, 1972. Pp. xiii + 397, tables, maps; £7.50.

The Ecology of Malnutrition in the Caribbean. By Jacques M. May and Donna L. McLellan. New York: Hafner, 1973. Pp. viii + 490, tables, maps; £9.95.     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this Articles Policy-Making in Britain: A Reader in Government Edited by Richard Rose Government in Britain By G.T.Popham. Management by Motivation By Saul W.Gellerman. Borough Politics By G.W.Jones. Advising Ministers: A Case-Study of the South West Economic Planning Council By Brian C. Smith. Regional Policy in Britain By Gavin McCrone Social Security: Beveridge and After By V.N.George. The Police: A Study in Manpower By J.P. Martin and Gail Wilson. Cost Benefit Analysis in Local Government Institute of Municipal Treasurers and Accountants O & M in Local Government By T. P. Sherman.     

The Dotbuster Effect on Indo-American Immigrants

Abstract

Immigrants today make up 14 percent of the U.S. workforce (Closing the Immigrant Skills Gap, n.d.), and, of these, a good proportion have arrived from Africa. Although Africans started coming to United States predominantly as students after the 1960s post-colonial era, their numbers have dramatically increased since the beginning of the 1990s. The influx of African immigrants to the United States in the last two decades especially after the end of the Cold War era of the early 1990s has been phenomenal. According to figures from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS-now the Office of Homeland Security), the number of African immigrants to the United States has more than quadrupled in the last two decades, from 109,733 between 1961 and 1980 to 531,832 between 1981 and 2000 (Takougang, n.d.).     

Book Notes

Book Reveiwed in this article
Making Devolution Work David Heald
Chrysler and the Cabinet: How the Deal was Done Granada Television
Developing Research on African Administration: Same Methodological Issues Adebayo Adedeji and Goran Hyden (eds.)
Development of the Welfare Rights Service in Manchester 7972–7976 City of Manchester Social Services Department
A Guide to the New Children Act 7975 Jennifer Terry.
Fuel Debts: Social Problems in Centrally Heated Council Housing, J. L. Hesketh.
Leisure and Culture in Local Government F. M.M. Lewes and S. J. Mennell.
Community Action versus Pollution Irene M. Hall.
Staff Working Groups Ivan Brown.
From Summit to Council: Evolution in the EEC Annette Morgan.
Northern Ireland: A Time of Choice Richard Rose.
Patterns of Administrative Development in Independent India E.N. Mangat Rai.
Benefit - Cost Analysis Guide Treasury Board
Appointment as a Magistrate D.M. Davies.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this article
The Private Government of Public Money Hugh Heclo and Aaron Wildavsky.
Front-Bench Opposition: The Role of the Leader of Opposition, the Shadow Cabinet and Shadow Government in British Politics R.M.Punnett.
The Scope for Local Initiative: A Study of the Cheshire County Council 1961–1974 J.M.Lee and Bruce Wood, Barbara W.Solomon and Peter Walters.
Public Planning: The Inter-Corporate Dimension J.K.Friend, J.M.Power and C.J.L.Yewlett.
Governing Soviet Cities: Bureaucratic Politics and Urban Development in the USSR William Taubman.
Local Government in India Shriram Maheshwari.
British Nationalization 1945–1973 R.Kelf-Cohen.
Political Responsibility and Industry Edmund Dell.
Managing the Health Service S.C.Haywood.     

REVIEWS

AN INDUSTRIALIST IN THE TREASURY – THE POST-WAR YEARS Edwin Plowden
1688–1988: TIME FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION R. Holme and M. Elliott
DEVELOPING POLICY RESEARCH Tim Booth
THE DYNAMICS OF STRATEGIC CHANGE C. R. Hinings and Royston Greenwood
ORGANIZING GOVERNANCE, GOVERNING ORGANIZATIONS Colin Campbell, S. J. and B. Guy Peter (eds.)
THE RETREAT OF THE STATE: DEREGULATION AND PRIVATISATION IN THE UK AND US Dennis Swann
TROUBLED WATER: RIVERS, POLITICS AND POLLUTION David Kinnersley
SIZEWELL 'B': AN ANATOMY OF THE INQUIRY Timothy O'Riordan, Ray Kemp and Michael Purdue
DEFENCE POLICY MAKING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS G. M. Dillon (ed.)
POST-INDUSTRIAL CITIES: POLITICS AND PLANNING IN NEW YORK, PARIS AND LONDON H. V. Savitch
THE POSTMODERN PRESIDENT: THE WHITE HOUSE MEETS THE WORLD Richard Rose
HAWKE'S SECOND GOVERNMENT: AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH ADMINISTRATION 1984–1987 Roger Wettenhall and J. R. Nethercote
MARKETING IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT Kieron Walsh
THE CHANGING POLITICS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT J. Gyford, S. Leach, and C. Game
SOCIAL WORK AND LOCAL POLITICS Paul Daniel and John Wheeler
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR A. P. Kakabadse, P. R. Brovetto, Rainer Holzer (eds.)     

REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:
ADMINISTRATIVE POLITICS IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT Andrew Gray and William Jenkins.
POLITICAL THEORIES OF MODERN GOVERNMENT, ITS ROLE, AND REFORM Peter Self.
THE PATHOLOGY OF PUBLIC POLICY B. W. Hogwood and B. G. Peters.
PAYING & CHOOSING: THE INTELLIGENT PERSON'S GUIDE TO THE MIXED ECONOMY Leo Pliatzky.
PARLIAMENT IN THE 1980s Philip Norton (ed.).
THE NEW SELECT COMMITTEES Gavin Drewry (ed.).
HALF CENTURY OF MUNICIPAL DECLINE 1935–1985 Martin Loughlin, M. David Gelfand and Ken Young (eds.).
THE POLITICS OF LOCAL EXPENDITURE K. Newton and T. J. Karran.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN BRITAIN AND WEST GERMANY Alan Norton (ed).
REGULATING THE AIRLINES: ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE AND AGENCY DISCRETION Robert Baldwin.
THE THISTLE AND THE CROWN: A HISTORY OF THE SCOTTISH OFFICE John S. Gibson.
THE MIDDLE OF WHITEHALL: SOME ASPECTS OF THE WORK OF BRITISH CIVIL SERVANTS Dorothy Johnstone.
PUBLIC POLICY STUDIES: THE NORTH EAST OF ENGLAND Richard Chapman (ed.).
UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE UK: POLITICS AND POLICIES Jeremy Moon and Jeremy Richardson.
THE ROLE OF VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS IN SOCIAL WELFARE Hugh Mellor.
SERVICES ADMINISTRATION BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES Philip L. Lloyd
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION W. Thornhill     

Operation Anaconda: Perception Meets Reality in the Hills of Afghanistan

The initial encounters between Al Qaeda and the U.S. military taught both a series of lessons that reverberate across the battlefields of Afghanistan today. Both sides entered the fray with preconceived ideas of their enemy—ideas that disappeared on the battlefields of the Shahi-Kot valley. The United States was determined not to repeat the mistakes of the siege of Tora Bora. Their battleplan called for a lightning fast operation using highly mobile U.S. and Afghan forces to envelop the enemy, but failures of intelligence and the fog of war transformed Anaconda into a long, slow struggle against an often invisible foe. Al Qaeda had all the advantages of terrain and defense but was unable to cause the massive casualties they thought would drive the American invaders from Afghanistan. Both sides left the battlefield with valuable lessons that have prevented any similar encounters since silence returned to the Shahi-Kot.