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New to Beijing in the 1910s, actresses, especially opera stars and members of large all-female troupes, were active agents of theatrical innovation. Competing with actors in a rapidly commercializing theater business, certain privileged actresses developed a different repertoire and performance style for female roles by adapting regional opera traditions. As the characters they played onstage boldly sought the thrills of courtship and pursued their personal desires, these actresses fashioned a new flirtatious female subjectivity, different from that associated with heroines in the cult of qing in Ming literature, the sentimentalism of Butterfly fiction, and the May Fourth ideal of free love. However, as they assumed female roles that transgressed traditional expectations and catered to a male-dominated audience, actresses found their own commodification as sexual objects was inevitable.     

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Appropriate Technologies for Third World Development: Proceedings of a Conference held by the International Economic Association at Teheran, Iran. Edited by Austin Robinson, London: Macmillan, 1979. pp. xix + 417. £20.

Appropriate Technology: Technology with a Human Face. By P. D. Dunn. London: Macmillan, 1978. pp. xi+ 220. £6.95.

Small Enterprises in Developing Countries: Case Studies and Conclusions. By Malcolm Harper with Tan Thiam Soon. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., 1979. pp. xi+ 115. £2.95.

Economics and the Design of Small Farmer Technology. Edited by A. Valdes, G. M. Scobie and J. L. Dillon. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979.

Economic Development: Empirical Investigations. By Pan A. Yotopoulos and Jeffrey B. Nugent. New York: Harper and Row, 1976. pp. 478.

Socialist Planning. By Michael Ellman. Cambridge University Press, 1979. pp. 300. Hardback £15, paperback £4.95.

Monetary Policy and the Open Economy: Mexico's Experience. By D. Sykes Wilford. New York: Praeger, 1977.

South Asia's Exports to the EEC — Obstacles and Opportunities. By V. Cable and A. Weston. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1979. pp. vii+ 179, £5.00

The Growth of East African Exports and their Effect on Economic Development. By Leslie Stein. London: Croom Helm, 1979. pp. 272. £11.95.

Peru 1890–1977; Growth and Policy in an Open Economy. By Rosemary Thorp and Geoffrey Bertram. London: Macmillan, 1978. pp. xv + 475. £15.

Colonialism and Underdevelopment in Ghana. By Rhoda Howard. London: Croom Helm, 1978. pp. 244, £8.95.

Peruvian Nationalism: A Corporatist Revolution. Edited by David Chaplin. New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books, 1976. pp. 494. £5.

An Economic History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century. By Laura Randall. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978. pp. 322. $21.90.

The Origins of English Individualism: The Family, Property and Social Transition. By Alan Macfarlane, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978. pp. xv+216. £8.50.

World Accumulation, 1492–1789. By Andre Gunder Frank. London: Macmillan, 1979. pp. 303. Hardback £10, paperback £3.95.

Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment. By Andre Gunder Frank. London: Macmillan, 1979. pp. xx + 226. Hardback £10, paperback £4.95.

Unequal Exchange, Imperialism and Underdevelopment. An Essay on the Political Economy of World Capitalism. By Ranjit Sau. Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1978. pp. xi + 202. Rs50/5.50.

The Soviet Theory of Development: India and the Third World in Marxist‐Leninist Scholarship. By Stephen Clarkson. London: Macmillan, 1979, pp. xii + 322, Notes and index, £12.00 (Hardback), £4.95 (paperback).

Pastoral Change and the Role of Drought. By Gudrun Dahl and Anders Hjort. Stockholm: SAREC Report No. 2, 1979. pp. 50, bibliography, six diagrams.

Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment. By Michaela von Freyhold. London: Heinemann, 1979. pp. xviii+ 201, £3.95 (paper).

Rural Employment and Administration in the Third World: Development Methods and Alternative Strategies. By Charles Harvey, Jake Jacobs, Geoff Lamb, and Bernard Schaffer. Farnborough,’ England: Teakfield, 1979. pp. xi+111. £7.50.

The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. By James C. Scott. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976. pp. ix + 246, £2.85 (paper).

Cities of Peasants: The Political Economy of Urbanization in the Third World. By Bryan Roberts. London: Edward Arnold, 1978. pp. vii + 207, £4.50.

Casual Work and Poverty in Third World Cities. Edited by Ray Bromley and Chris Gerry. New York: John Wiley, 1979. pp. x +323. £13.50.

Slums of Hope? Shanty Towns of the Third World. By Peter Lloyd. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1979. pp. 246, £1.25.

Social Security in Latin America. By Carmelo Mesa‐Lago. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978. pp. xix + 351.

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