进入21世纪的日本共产党

在即将进入 2 1世纪的 2 0 0 0年 1 1月 ,日本共产党召开了第 2 2次代表大会。以此次大会为标志 ,这个拥有 80年历史的政党正在力图实现自身的巨大转变。这种转变主要表现为 ,对党的性质进行了重新界定 ;作为党的最终奋斗目标的“共产主义社会”被“共同社会”所取代 ;“资本主义框架内的民主改革”成为实现“共同社会”的途径 ,“社会主义革命”从党章中消失 ;进一步明确了对社会主义的基本立场等。日本共产党决意开始这种世纪性大转变 ,既有其自身组织能力严重退化的原因 ,又有日本社会结构深刻变化以及冷战后世界社会主义运动的影响。     

Encountering the Other: The Challenge for the 21st Century

In this section, NPQ takes a look at the history of relations with the Other and how that has changed with globalization. Ryszard Kapuscinski writes of the moral imperative of embracing the Other. Tariq Ramadan speaks urgently of the Muslim Other in Europe. Taking the New Orleans calamity as a point of departure, Richard Sennett reminds us that stupidity for the Greeks meant ignorance of the Other.     

委内瑞拉查韦斯“21世纪社会主义”理论

查韦斯自1998年当选委内瑞拉总统以来,十分向往社会主义。从2005年2月起,查韦斯多次提出要用“21世纪社会主义”和“新社会主义”取代“资本主义”,并自称是社会主义者。他提出的建设“21世纪社会主义”的理论,如今已成为拉美地区社会主义运动的重要思潮之一,并产生了一定的影响。     

Risk, Gender, and Development in the 21st Century

Globalization creates wealth but also financial crises. Although these systemic risks are generated by all participants in the world economy, their costs are disproportionately borne by the poor, especially women, who live in developing nations, with irrevocable damage to their capabilities. Since current reform proposals do not address inequities in the distribution of the costs of financial crises, we suggest changes in the design, implementation, content, and funding of policies that could provide security to women during crises. We argue that our suggestions will not succeed without women's participation in the debate on the reform of international financial architecture.     

The Fourth Revolution: Reinventing the State and Democracy for the 21st Century

Historically, liberal democracy was born as a means to curb the power of kings and tyrants through mechanisms that would ensure accountability and consent of the governed. A system of checks and balances—two legislative chambers, executive and independent courts—were instituted to ensure power did not become too concentrated. Today's highly diverse, mass consumer societies, however, have presented another set of challenges. Power is so diffused governance is becoming ineffective. The short‐term mentality of voters and the lobbying of special interests undermine the ability of democracies to focus on the long‐term and the common interest. Because there are more checks than balances, gridlock has supplanted consensus. In this section, we compare Chinese and Western systems on their ability to deliver good governance. The editors of the Economist magazine put the debate in historical context.     

Terrorism: An Identity Theory Perspective

The present article outlines the role of personal, social, and cultural identity in religiously and ethnically motivated terrorism. It is proposed that terrorism represents the confluence of a cultural identity strongly based in collectivism and in fundamentalist adherence to religious or cultural principles, a social identity based in sharp contrasts between one's own group and groups perceived as threats, and a foreclosed and authoritarian sense of personal identity or, less often, a diffused and aimless personal identity. Examples from religious-extremist and ethnic conflicts in which terrorism has been employed are used to illustrate the tenets advanced here. Recommendations for addressing and preventing the threat of terrorism are discussed.