公共服务市场化中的政府职能探析

公共服务市场化的成功运作是以西方发达国家成熟的市场机制，对契约、形式、规则重视的理性主义，大量的非政府组织,强有力的政府调控能力为前提条件的。而我国法制不健全、市场体制发展不成熟、第三部门还难以担负起公共服务重任的现实要求我国政府在政策法规的建设、服务资源的公平配置、市场化过程的监管和非政府组织自治、自理能力的培育方面发挥积极的功能，建立起企业家型政府。     

国有资本股权信托运营制度研究——以国有企业改革为视角

国有企业的改革进入攻坚阶段,但是国有资本运营的传统模式(委托代理制、股份制)遭遇制度本身难以解决的问题,导致国有资本运营效率低下,以及产生一系列弊端,因此应该跳出传统的窠臼探索新思路。本文提出国有资本的股权信托运营,并分析了制度的设计以及相关主体的权、责、利,以期克服国有资本运营中产生的弊端和实现国有资本的保值增值,逐步完善我国的资本市场,促成国有资本的良性运营。     

对我国政府与非政府组织合作的实践探索——以公共社区管理为基点

近年来,政府与非政府组织在公共事务管理领域中的合作一直受到学术界的关注。本文阐述了政府与非政府组织合作的现实基础,并以公共社区管理为基点,对我国政府与非政府组织在实践中的合作做了初步的探索。     

公共选择理论对我国法治政府建设的启示

公共选择理论作为一种政治的经济学,其独特的内容对我国法治政府建设具有重要的启示。公共选择理论认为人都是"经济人,"其政治行为和经济行为都是为了追求效用最大化,政府在干预经济社会的过程中存在着失灵现象,政府的行为往往会受到利益集团寻租的影响,而一些官员为了自利也会创租和抽租。     

Citizens’ perceptions of the courts: The impact of race, gender, and recent experience

This study examined the influences of race, gender, and recent court experience on citizens’ perceptions of the courts in their communities. Using national survey data collected in 2000, this research assessed variation in perceptions of the courts along four dimensions: differential treatment, fair procedure and outcome, concern and respect, and overall evaluation. The results showed that racial minorities, including Blacks and Latinos, were more likely than Whites to have negative attitudes toward the courts. While race is generally a better predictor than gender, the interaction between gender and race is important in understanding citizen’s perceptions of the courts. Citizens who have recent personal contact with the courts tend to rate the courts less favorable than those who have no recent contact. Citizens’ opinions of the police and equal opportunity are also significantly related to their perceptions of the courts. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.     

因参与、透明而进步:互联网时代下的公众参与和政府信息公开

随着5月1日《政府信息公开条例》的正式实施,中国现实中方兴未艾的公众参与实践或许会藉此获得强有力的制度性支撑,同时,一个必须正视的事实是,当今世界的信息化与网络化程度不断提高。在互联网时代背景下,对"互联网——政府信息公开——公众参与"三者之间的关系进行一番尝试性解读,或许会有特殊的意义。     

Privacy,stigma and public protection: A socio-legal analysis of criminality information practices in the UK

Criminality information practices involve public authorities in the UK (and elsewhere) gathering, retaining and sharing information that connects with an identifiable individual; all with the ostensible aim of upholding and improving standards of public protection. This piece first charts the landscape of contemporary criminality information practices in the UK today. The article then examines recent legal emphases and policy directions for public protection networks. Consideration is then given in the piece to privacy rights and values and the difficulties in providing an exact typology and grounding for these. The piece then outlines a suggested framework for correct legal regulation, as well as a through commentary on the work done by Catherine Bellamy et al. to empirically determine the extent to which public protection information sharing can in fact occur in correct adherence to legal regulation. A socio-legal analysis is undertaken of the nature of public protection networks as variants on Goffman's performance teams within a dramaturgical routine that foregrounds stigmatisation of perceived ‘risky’ individuals as an aspect of that routine. This piece also explores the processes of institutional isomorphism as a reaction to shifting policy directions and legal doctrines, acting as a driving force towards a hierarchical performance of criminality information practices by public protection networks. Three conclusions are offered up for consideration: firstly, that the growing complexity of the law and regulation relating to criminality information practices might improve privacy values in the criminal justice system and help to add precision to necessary processes of stigmatisation in relation to the aim of public protection. Secondly, that these shifts in the law still need ongoing revisions, in order that a hierarchical approach to criminality information practices can be arrived at over time. Thirdly, that if the permanency of potential stigmatisation through the indefinite retention of criminality information cannot change, due to the competing pressure on the criminal justice system from public protection duties, then consultation with ‘risky’ individuals where practicable, before criminality information connected to them is shared across public protection networks becomes essential as a privacy-enhancing value and practice.     

Forensic DNA retention: Public perspective studies in the United Kingdom and around the world

This review analysed public perspective studies on forensic DNA retention in the United Kingdom and around the world. The studies generally show strong public support for the long-term or indefinite retention of DNA from convicts and suspects. There is considerable support for the retention of DNA from all or some arrestees and potentially the entire population. This was predicated upon the belief that forensic DNA databases have crime-solving abilities, which the public rate highly. In the UK, it was found that the current Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 regime is broadly representative of the recommendations of the surveyed British public. Nevertheless, the studies highlighted a gap in forensic DNA education among the public, suggesting that public views may not be well informed. Overall, there was clear evidence of privacy concerns and the potential misuse of DNA records among the public, with a significant number opposing the retention of DNA from the innocent. It was found that most of the studies were qualitative or non-representative of the relevant population, limiting the generalisation of the results. There was also limited studies among a representative sample of primary stakeholders who are well-informed or directly exposed to the benefits, challenges and risks associated with DNA retention. A research into stakeholders rating of different forensic DNA retention regimes is therefore highly recommended. This is important because the studies suggest divergent views among criminal justice professionals and other members of the public, with the former expressing expansive views and the latter expressing restrictive views. The primary stakeholder's survey will help establish whether the relevant safeguards have been put in place to protect both public security and individual interests.     

服务型政府视角下行政收费理论基础的再审视

服务型政府的构建已成为当前我国政府改革的重要举措.通过强化服务型政府理念促进行政收费制度的规范化是重新审视行政收费的理论基础.行政收费实质上就是由行政机关提供特定的服务,由行政相对方支付费用的一种行政法律关系.在此意义上说,行政收费法律关系体现了政府柔性管理方式"行政契约"精神内核的运用.     

信托制度异化论——对我国现行信托产品法律结构之评判

《中华人民共和国信托法》突破了我国原先“一物一权”的成文法系传统,导入了“名义所有权”与“实际所有权”分离的所有权“二元制结构”。面对这种全新的法律结构,实务界往往将信托当作新的融资工具进行利用。事实上,我国目前的信托产品并不具备信托所应具备的法律特征,而立法界与理论界对此又缺少相应的回应,信托产品离真正的信托制度渐行渐远。为此,通过对信托法律关系和法律特征的梳理,剖析并解释现行主要信托产品存在的结构性问题,以期纠正现有对信托“实用主义”功能下的错误认识,还原信托的本来面貌。     

条款增补:我国信托法中的重要创造性规定的完善

关于确认信托财产所有权由委托人享有、将信托合同定性为诺成合同、确认委托人享有因其重大侵权行为而变更受益人或解除信托的权利和确认受托人可以向信托财产权利归属人行使报酬权和补偿权的规定,为我国信托法中重要的创造性规定,对它们需要通过增补关于遗嘱信托的信托财产所有权由受益人享有、委托人负有交付信托财产义务、受托人因不同意而辞任与解任和在特定情形下权利归属人可以拒绝满足该报酬权和补偿权的规定来完善。     

Surveillance and identity management: Migrant perspectives on UK Biometric Residence Permits

The identity card for foreign nationals - now known as the Biometric Residence Permit (BRP) - was first introduced in November 2008. Following the May 2010 UK general election, the newly formed Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government announced that the scheme would not be extended to UK citizens. To date, over 300,000 BRPs have been issued to UK foreign nationals - a group of non-EEA migrants that include international students, visiting scholars and entrepreneurs. In this paper, we draw on findings from interviews conducted with policymakers, advocacy groups, Higher Education administrators and foreign nationals - between March and December 2010 - to highlight some policy issues arising from the continued roll-out of the BRPs to this migrant group. We conclude by arguing that, although interviewees raised few objections to the BRPs in principle, cardholders were concerned about being unfairly ‘targeted’ for additional surveillance and remained unclear about the true purpose of the BRP. We identify a number of areas for further policy development.     

创建服务型政府问题研究

创建服务型政府是一场行政模式的革命,对我国的行政理念、行政体制、行政方式、行政运行机制及公务员素质等提出了严峻挑战。我们应积极的分析服务型政府创建过程中的问题,研究对策,推进创建服务型政府的进程。     

新公共服务理论对我国政府改革的启示

“新公共服务理论”是基于对新公共管理理论的反思而建立的一种新的公共行政理论,这一理论对政府在社会发展中的角色和作用进行了全新的阐释,比较符合世界范围内政府改革趋势,对于缓解社会危机,提高政府效率,优化公共服务有重大意义,对我国政府改革也有很大启发作用。     

The exploitation of Business Register data from a public sector information and data protection perspective: A case study

Business Registers (BRs) are a very important information resource for investors, creditors, financial institutions and public authorities. The possibility to aggregate and interconnect these data at a European level could enhance the transparency of companies towards those actors and add a great deal of value to the raw Business Register data. The European BRITE project intended to provide adequate tools to meet these demands. BRITE will provide easier access and cross-border interoperability of Business Register data throughout Europe. On the other hand, the processing of BR data within the BRs and BRITE triggers several important European legislations such as the Data Protection Directive and the Directive on the re-use of public sector information. In this paper, the processing of BR data will be analysed from the perspective of both data protection and public sector information laws, analysing as well the relation between both regulations. Do these regulations strike an optimal balance between the interests of private data vendors to re-use BR data and enhance business transparency and the need to protect the personal data of natural persons?     

Shared services: An outline of key contractual issues

In the wake of the Gershon Report, commissioned to find ways of saving £20 billion in the UK public sector, and the growing strain on the public purse following the credit crunch and the global financial recession, procuring bodies are increasingly looking to the “shared services” procurement model to take advantage of economies of scale and best practice. This article examines the legal issues thrown up by the shared services model and ways of managing them.     

A new perspective in the estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) based on vitreous

The relation between the potassium concentration in the vitreous humor, [K+], and the postmortem interval has been studied by several authors. Many formulae are available and they are based on a correlation test and linear regression using the PMI as the independent variable and [K+] as the dependent variable. The estimation of the confidence interval is based on this formulation. However, in forensic work, it is necessary to use [K+] as the independent variable to estimate the PMI. Although all authors have obtained the PMI by direct use of these formulae, it is, nevertheless, an inexact approach, which leads to false estimations. What is required is to change the variables, obtaining a new equation in which [K+] is considered as the independent variable and the PMI as the dependent. The regression line obtained from our data is [K+] = 5.35 + 0.22 PMI, by changing the variables we get PMI = 2.58[K+] - 9.30. When only nonhospital deaths are considered, the results are considerably improved. In this case, we get [K+] = 5.60 + 0.17 PMI and, consequently, PMI = 3.92[K+] - 19.04.     

论提升司法公信力的路径——源自实证调研和数据挖掘的启示

司法公开是司法公信力的基础,但司法公开并不自动实现公众对司法活动过程和结果的信任与认同。通过对9省市的实证调研和数据挖掘,课题组发现除了司法公开以外,司法公信力还与司法独立、司法工作作风、司法过程、司法结果等方面密切相关。因此,建议可从以下几个方面重点着手来提升司法公信力:夯实司法公开以增加司法透明度,增强司法机关的独立性以保证司法权威,转变司法工作作风以提升司法权力主体的公信力,并更加注重司法过程的程序公正和司法结果的实体公正。     

Uncovering the Iceberg: Mandating the measurement of fraud in the United Kingdom

Having regard to the impact of the credit crunch on fraud, the 19% average cuts in public spending and the wide disparities in fraud loss data, this article will argue for the mandating of fraud measurement through the introduction of legislation in the United Kingdom. The proposed statute applies to both the public and private sectors and incorporates minimum standards of measurement accuracy and the publication of findings and subsequent reduction strategies. In support of this contention this paper offers empirical evidence provided by the United States (US) Improper Payments Information Act of 2002. Further options for change are also presented including developing the role of the National Audit Office and the creation of an infrastructure for knowledge management through the sharing of best practice.