食品安全犯罪的罪名认定问题研究

最高人民法院公布的危害食品安全犯罪的典型案例在罪名认定的问题上依然存在两点疑问:第一,在法规竞合的情形中,是否可以适用重法优于轻法的原则;第二,在食品安全犯罪领域如何区分法规竞合犯和想象竞合犯。上述问题产生的原因与当前从严打击危害食品安全犯罪的刑事政策以及我国刑事立法的不科学性密切相关。严格地说,危害食品安全犯罪应仅包括生产、销售不符合安全标准的食品罪和生产、销售有毒有害食品罪。涉及食品安全犯罪的多个罪名成立法规竞合时应当秉持特别法优于普通法的原则适用危害食品安全犯罪,而成立想象竞合犯则必须是单一罪名无法全面评价客观犯罪行为的情形。     

Lethal Regulation: State-Corporate Crime and the United Kingdom Government's New Mercenaries

Markets for private military security are enjoying a period of sustained growth, during which there has been a repackaging of 'mercenary outfits' and 'private armies' as legitimate, fully incorporated private military companies (PMCs). This paper presents a critique of the dominant view of the new mercenaries and examines the regulation of private military security currently being proposed by the United Kingdom government, arguing that its purpose should be understood as the facilitation rather than the restraint of those markets. States are playing a formative role in the expansion of private military markets. In contrast to the dominant themes of the literature on globalization, the emergence of those markets should be understood as an expansion rather than a diminution of the coercive and violent capacities of states. Western states are facilitating new modes of delivering terror and violence that are also likely to increase, rather than reduce, the incidence of state-corporate crimes.     

OxyContin and a Regulation Deficiency of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Rethinking State-Corporate Crime

On May 10, 2007, three executives of the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma pled guilty in federal court to misleading doctors and patients about the risk of addiction and potential for abuse of OxyContin. Additionally, Purdue Pharma paid over $600 million in fines and other payments to the United States government and the Commonwealth of Virginia. The drug OxyContin was first introduced to the market in December of 1995. Warning signs of the drug’s potential for abuse were almost immediate, and there were reports of copious amounts of the drug being diverted into the black market for recreational use. In some cases, criminologists have argued that if the government fails to protect its citizens from the harm of a corporation then such behavior should be considered state-corporate crime. We critically evaluate the case of OxyContin to see if it falls under the state-corporate crime paradigm. Further, we argue the state-corporate crime paradigm can benefit from an increased focus on the organizational structures of regulation agencies.     

State Aid and Taxation of Transnational Companies: A Study of State-Corporate Crime

This study examines the taxation of transnational companies from the perspective of state-corporate crime. As in Sutherland’s pioneering study on white-collar crime, the author relies, in this case, on administrative decisions issued by the European Commissioner for Competition regarding Fiat and Starbucks. According to the Commissioner, the tax advisors of these organizations prepared and submitted special tax rulings on behalf of their clients that were granted by the Luxembourg and Dutch tax authorities, respectively. However, these tax rulings were considered illegal under European law, as they constitute state aid. Therefore, the Commissioner fined Fiat and Starbucks. In this inquiry, state aid from tax rulings is conceived as a process of capital accumulation that arises from states’ regimes of permission based on the interactions between public sector and private sector actors. Thus, an observable symbiosis between tax authorities and transnational companies allowed the latter to use tax regulations in a manipulative way, while the former exercised weak/undue control. This study also unveiled the criminogenic role of tax advisors, an industry that is rarely held accountable for their actions.     

食品安全犯罪的对象研究

《刑法》中界定食品的概念应当以《食品安全法》为法律依据,两者在范围上应当保持一致。食品添加剂从食品功能拓展的角度来看,应当属于食品原料。"食品安全"的内涵需要从"无毒无害"、"符合应当有的营养要求"以及"不造成任何形式的危害"三个方面加以认定,缺少其中任何一项的就属于"不符合食品安全标准的食品"。而"有毒有害的食品"的认定应当以"毒害性"作为具体的判断标准,对象是否属于"非食品原料"不能作为否定罪名成立的消极条件。     

危害食品安全犯罪刑事治理的政策性检视

从近年来危害食品安全犯罪刑事治理的状况来看,该领域刑事政策的执行效果不尽理想.立法层面偏向于“最严厉的惩罚”与司法层面倾向于“最严密的监管”的状况,未能充分考虑刑事政策的要求而有相互错位的嫌疑,导致立法偏于粗疏、加重其刑的司法效果欠佳等问题较为突出.鉴于此,从刑事政策角度审视深化改革食品安全工作,立法上应当优先构建严密...     

Power(ful) Connections: Exploring the Revolving Doors Phenomenon as a Form of State-Corporate Crime

Critical Criminology - The ‘revolving doors’ phenomenon is the name given to the movement of individuals from public office to private companies and vice versa. It is believed that this...     

论聚众犯罪的转化犯问题

转化犯是我国刑法规定的一种犯罪形态。以聚众犯罪为视角,结合转化犯的基本原理具体分析聚众犯罪转化犯的特征,聚众犯罪的转化既包括罪与罪的转化,也包括违法行为向犯罪的转化;聚众“打砸枪”虽然不是独立的罪名,但却是多种犯罪的聚合体,其转化罪是法律拟制的犯罪。关于聚众犯罪的转化犯,其在定罪量刑中存在着不同于一般转化犯的诸多疑难问题,对聚众犯罪转化过程中一系列特殊问题的研究,将使转化犯的理论内容更加丰富和具体。     

国外食品安全犯罪的刑法规制及对我国的启示

食品安全与人类生命健康息息相关,更是一个全球性课题,世界各国针对食品安全犯罪问题进行了有益的尝试与创新。即使在食品安全制度相对健全的发达国家,食品安全问题也是层出不穷,世界各国都加大了打击力度。通过借鉴他国经验,启示我国应树立食品消费者至上的食品安全法律控制理念,借鉴执行与国际接轨的食品安全规章制度,优化行政执法与刑事司法衔接机制度,最终建立起完善的食品安全防控体系。     

暴力危及飞行安全罪之理论剖析

暴力危及飞行安全罪,是1997年《刑法》新增设的一个罪名,刑法界对之构成颇有争议。理论上,暴力危及飞行安全罪的罪过形态应当是间接故意或过失。“暴力”包括杀害暴力和重伤害暴力。暴力危及飞行安全罪与劫持航空器罪、故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪、抢劫罪,相似之中有着区别。     

食品安全涉嫌犯罪案件移送程序的改革与探索

在我国,如何构建食品安全犯罪治理机制,有效防范和应对食品安全犯罪,俨然已是理论界和实务界研究的热点.然而,由于食品产业的特殊性,对食品安全犯罪案件的侦查和打击往往牵涉到多个行政部门与司法部门的协调与配合.本文从移送程序的两个方向入手,针对目前存在的移送难、移送少以及“逆向移送”过程中存在法律空白等问题进行了分析,提出建立食品安全执法受案备案制度、罪与非罪司法部门预审制度以及构建信息化网络平台的必要性.     

Private Regulation of Food Safety by Supermarkets

Food safety is a highly debated issue. Food industry organizations, retailers and national and transnational governments have been trying to find new ways to regulate food safety. Can private regulation of food safety meet the high expectations? A review of existing literature shows some conditions to be important for effectively protecting public interests by private regulation. In particular, retailers worldwide are actively engaged in setting food safety standards for their suppliers. A case study of food safety regulation by Dutch retailers shows that they can force food industry organizations and producers to accept food safety standards because of their economic (market) power.     

论《食品安全法》对我国食品安全监管体制的影响

近几年来,我国食品安全问题不断,暴露出我国食品安全政府监管体制存在诸多弊端。本文探讨新《食品安全法》出台后,我国食品安全监管在监管体制、食品安全标准、免检制度、监管行为等几个方面的变化以及尚存在的问题。     

Political Opportunities and Local Contingencies in Mass Crime Participation: Personal Experiences by Former Serbian Militiamen

Participation in mass crime is often approached from a top-down perspective that centralizes the actions of the masses under the order of elites and leaders. While there is some evidence to support this approach, a more complete assessment of participation in mass crime must also consider the grassroots contingencies that unite the collective motivation and capacity that induce such actions. Such a bottoms-up approach is developed in this article with a particular focus on the personal experiences of former Serbian militiamen who took part in scenes of mass violence in Croatia and Bosnia–Herzegovina. Interviews with former militiamen illustrate how political opportunities, diverging nationalistic attitudes, proximity to growing violence in increasingly localized killing fields, incentives to participate in parallel criminal activities, and an influence within community networks that were submerged in mass crimes united to legitimize and facilitate their personal commitment to the events that took place in this region during the 1990s.     

不报、谎报安全事故罪立法的研析

本罪的主体只包括在事故现场且负有安全生产作业职责的人员、不在事故现场的事故单位的负责人员和负有生产作业的管理、指挥、监督职责的人员。将本罪中的"安全事故"限定于有关法律法规已经确定了安全事故报告、抢救制度领域内发生的安全事故比较妥当。安全事故不能包括危险状态。本罪不区分安全事故的类型。本罪的行为包括不报事故情况和谎报事故情况。应将本罪的结果要素"贻误事故抢救"理解为造成事故抢救不及时,"贻误事故抢救"的客观表现是"使事故后果扩大",而且必须是由"不报或者谎报事故情况"的行为所造成的。     

风险与法律:食品安全责任的分配如何可能

在现代社会,科技发展引起的食品安全风险日益增多。如何防范风险,确保食品安全,维护消费者健康,构成世界各国政府与公众关注的焦点;随之,法律结构也有了改变。由于风险所带来的不可预知性和不确定性,导致了因果关系链在经验世界中断裂,借助"肇事者原则"来确定过失与肇事者,并据此分配责任以补偿受害者,在举证上也就变得日益艰难。然而,人类要存续,法律要实现预期功能,仍需假定风险是可把握的、可控制的外在客观对象,并添加"预防原则"以重新分配食品安全责任,达到分散风险目的。为此,除了要构建食品安全主体的责任伦理外,还需实现从单纯惩罚机制向责任保险模式的转变。     

完善我国食品安全监管体系的思考

食品安全问题正日益成为世界各国政府关注的重大问题。本文论及我国食品安全监管体系现状和存在问题，提出建立垂直独立的食品安全管理机构体系、完善食品安全法律法规和执法体系、建立食品安全预警和溯源体系、统一食品安全信息网络体系等九项措施，以确保广大民众食品安全。     

Violent Crime in the United States of America: A Time-Series Analysis Between 1960–2000

This paper empirically assesses the effects of socio-economic and demographic variables on violent crime in the United States. Using national-level time-series data over the period 1960–2000, an unrestricted vector autoregressive (VAR) model was estimated for overall violent crime, murder, rape and assault. The results indicate that there is no long-run relationship among the examined variables, but significant short-run relationships hold. Imprisonment growth, income inequality, alcohol consumption, and racial composition of the male youth population are shown to influence the short-run behaviour of violent crime.     

从规制合规迈向合作规制:以食品安全规制为例

食品安全法制体系的建立健全使得食品安全法治的重点转向法律实施,如守法和执法。其中,食品安全法律要求的不断趋严,使得食品生产经营者日益重视有助于履行法定义务要求的规制合规,并出现了服从性合规、竞争性合规、外生性合规、内生性合规、象征性合规和创造性合规等不同选择。鉴于此,规制者以合规导向的执法替代威慑导向的执法,并由此促进了合作规制的发展。然而,如何回应不同的合规选择和促进规制者和被规制者之间的合作,依旧有赖于规制者构建风险交流、责任约谈、精准普法等促进彼此交流法律认知和分享信息的支持性制度和改进许可、标准等工具适用中的单向且刚性要求。     

Food Safety and the Precautionary Principle: the Legitimate Moderation of Community Courts

Abstract: The precautionary principle, though not defined in the Community Treaties, has been the subject of numerous attempts at doctrinal systematisation. These efforts have, for the most part, dealt with organising how to adopt measures banning products or methods of production. Associated with this rigorous approach to the precautionary principle are questions on moratoriums and reversal of the burden of proof. Following this logic, one must understand that the precautionary principle obliges the initiator of a project (or the producer of foodstuffs) to prove the innocuousness of its product before putting it on the market. However, this concept of the precautionary principle, while held by the larger part of doctrinal opinion, is not shared by the Community courts. These have largely developed Community law on this point with a progressive corpus of decisions that give an increasingly specific definition of the concept. This attempt at definition leads to a rational presentation of the precautionary principle as a means of dealing with scientific uncertainty and not as a way of rejecting science. The aim of this article is to show that the conception held by Community courts, while apparently less protective of human health than the doctrinal conception, has the advantage of being effective; that is to say capable of practical application, while the more rigorous interpretation leads only to a protective Utopian dead-end, which its defenders find themselves incapable of progressing beyond.