Regional Innovation Systems and the Advent of Strategic Science

While regional innovation systems are, to some extent, an artefact of regional administration and mimesis, there are also clear proximity and agglomeration dynamics. A third type of dynamic at play derives from uptake of knowledge production, regional role of universities etc. The advent of strategic science, with its double emphasis on relevance (including local relevance) and global competition, creates pressures on universities which want to play a regional role as well. The University of Twente, in The Netherlands, is an example. Its evolution shows that the regional function leans heavily on institutional differentiations like outreach units, while strategic science is taken up in new outward looking, problem-solving centres, not necessarily directed towards the region. The immediate moral is that universities can play a role in managing the tension between local (regional) and global, but the tensions will return internally. The general moral is that the changes in knowledge production (whether labeled as strategic science or Mode 2 or whatever) have to be taken into account in regional innovation systems. This might also help to avoid a short-sighted focus on wealth creation.     

司法中的伦理解释及其限度——以美国宪法为分析样本

司法中的伦理解释本质上是一种立基于正当性的价值论解释方法，它要求解释者在法律文本语义的最大化范围内，选择和适用最合乎法的制度伦理的含义。伦理解释具有基础性、历史性、体系性和开放性等基本特征，这些特征都是由它所要表达的法的制度伦理赋予并在具体解释方法中展开与呈现的。伦理解释具有局限性：一方面，对法的制度伦理的辨识往往非常复杂，具有不确定性，这就会导致依托制度伦理来解释法律的客观性、正当性发生危机；另一方面，即或已经明确了法的制度伦理，但对它的维系与坚持也具有相当的难度，特别是当法官的个人正义观与法的制度伦理发生冲突时，难度更大，在极端情况下，甚至会使法律的伦理解释成为不可能完成的任务。     

MORALITY,MARKETS, AND THE ASC: 2011 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS TO THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY*

This Presidential Address explores the possibilities for fruitful multilevel theorizing in criminology by proposing an integration of insights from situational action theory (SAT), a distinctively micro‐level perspective, with insights from institutional anomie theory (IAT), a distinctively macro‐level perspective. These perspectives are strategic candidates for integration because morality plays a central role in both. IAT can enrich SAT by identifying indirect causes of crime that operate at the institutional level and by highlighting the impact of the institutional context on the perception‐choice process that underlies crime. Such multilevel theorizing can also promote the development of IAT by revealing the “micro‐instantiations” of macro‐level processes and by simulating further inquiry into the social preconditions for institutional configurations that are conducive to low levels of crime. Finally, drawing on Durkheim's classic work on occupational associations, I point to the potential role of professional associations such as the American Society of Criminology in promoting and sustaining a viable moral order in the advanced capitalist societies.     

中国社会转型与法的统一性

社会转型必然引起法的理论和制度体系的统一性运动。殷周之际的社会转型形成了道德人文法思想和礼乐刑政模式;春秋战国至秦汉的社会转型形成了礼法结合、德主刑辅的法律思想和制度模式;唐宋之间的社会变动,没有改变法的统一性,但理学使法的统一理论达到了顶峰,实现了哲理、法理与情理,天理、国法与人情的贯通与融合。晚清社会转型,使传统中国法的统一性解体,同时开启了新的中国法的统一性运动。法的统一性在传统中国有其必然性和长期性,而且是统一在道德原理之上的,这对未来中国法的统一性仍有其价值。当代中国法正在道德与自由这两个基本原理的支配和社会主义平等理念的指引下向着新的统一性的方向发展。     

The Practice of Law as an Obstacle to Justice: Chinese Lawyers at Work

This article helps strengthen our comparative and theoretical understanding of lawyers as gatekeepers to justice by analyzing the screening practices of lawyers in a non-Western context. The explanation for Chinese lawyers' aversion to representing workers with labor grievances focuses on their own working conditions, on the organization of their legal labor, and on their evaluations of the moral character of prospective clients. By linking the screening practices of Chinese lawyers to their socioeconomic insecurity and to popular stereotypes informing and legitimating their screening decisions, this article identifies institutional and cultural obstacles not only to the official justice system but also to cause lawyering. After establishing motives for screening clients, this article then demonstrates lawyers' screening methods: by defining legal reality in strategic and often misleading ways, lawyers use the law as a weapon against the interests of the individuals who seek their help.     

道德哲学要求与经济理性考量之应然关系的法哲学证成——从孟德斯鸠论中国的奢侈问题谈起

孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》第一卷第七章第六节中论述"中国的奢侈"问题时,认为中国各个皇帝们所实施的道德性措施实际上具有理性经济考量的特质。对于其中反映出的道德哲学要求与经济理性考量的应然关系问题,传统理论的论证虽然有合理之处,但严格来讲也具有极大的不足。法律哲学的历史恰就是以道德哲学为基础的法律观与以经济理性为标准的法律观的互动史,因而通过法哲学中介并证成道德哲学要求与经济理性考量之间的应然关系极为便利。从法律哲学发展的最新成果来看,道德哲学要求与经济理性考量之间可以用一种新型关系来说明,当道德哲学要求与经济理性考量化约为"公平"与"效率"的关系时,作为论证中介的法律哲学可以证明,道德哲学要求与经济理性考量完全可以在一定条件下呈现亲和状态,共生于一定的制度性因素中。     

Transferring technology across borders: institutional effects in Chinese context

Effective technology transfer across borders is very complex and difficult. There are so many factors that affect the effectiveness of technology transfer across borders, and the host country’s institutional profile is a critical factor. The country institutional profile reflects the institutional environment in that country and is defined as the set of all relevant institutions that have been established over time, that operate in that country, and that are transmitted into organizations through individuals (Kostova 1997, 1999; Kostova and Roth 2002) [Country institutional profiles: Concept and measurement. Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings, pp. 180–189; Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 308–324; Adoption of an organizational practice by subsidiaries of multinational corporations: Institutional and relational effects. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 213–233.]. There have been some studies about the relationship between institutional profile and technology transfer, but there are few studies with a Chinese context. Technology transfer plays an important role in developing countries and has been as one of vital strategies to build an innovative nation in China. Therefore, it is urgent to focus on the relationship between China’s institutional profile and technology transfer. The results of structural equation modeling, the subject of this paper, were based on an empirical study of 167 foreign ventures sampled in China, but they did not fully confirm what the institutional theory emphasized about the effectiveness of technology transfer. The normative dimension of the country institutional profile was shown to have a significantly positive effect on the effectiveness of technology transferring across borders, but contrary to expectations, the regulatory dimension of the country institutional profile was shown to have a significantly negative effect on the effectiveness of technology transfer, while the cognitive dimension has no significant effect on it. The concluding section of the paper discusses some practical implications and potential future study directions.      

Negotiating authority: a comparative study of reform in medical training regimes

Recently the medical profession has faced increased outside pressure to reform postgraduate medical training programs to better equip young doctors for changing health care needs and public expectations. In this article we explore the impact of reform on professional self-governance by conducting a comparative historical-institutional analysis of postgraduate medical training reform in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In both countries the medical training regime has shifted from professional self-regulation to coregulation. Yet there are notable differences in each country that cannot be explained solely by diverging institutional contexts. They also result from the strategic actions by the actors involved. Based on an assessment of the recent literature on institutional transformation, this article shows how strategic actions set negotiating authority processes into motion, producing new and sometimes surprising institutional arrangements that can have profound effects on the distribution and allocation of authority in the medical training regime. It stresses the need to study the interactions among political context, the properties of institutions, and negotiating authority processes, as they are crucially important to understanding institutional transformation.     

业主委员会机会主义行为制度分析

业主与业主委员会之间就维权问题经常产生矛盾．由于业主掌握的信息不充分和搭便车行为导致了内部监督的缺失,而正向激励不足的业主委员会本身就存在着发生道德风险的可能．再加上政府在有效监督制度供给上的严重不足使得业主的实际监督行为面临着过高的交易费用,加剧了业主委员会机会主义行为发生的风险。因此,必须提高政府的制度供给能力,完善内外部监督机制,推进业主委员会服务的市场化和职业化,从而降低监督制度的运行成本,增加有效监督行为的供给。     

The European Group on Ethics: Law,Politics and the Limits of Moral Integration in Europe

Abstract: The article offers a critical review of the institutional role of the European Group on Ethics in the EU, focusing on the appointment and composition of the group, the nature of its ‘opinions’, the way these are used by the Commission and other EU institutional actors, looking in particular at its controversial Opinion 22 on the ethical review and funding of stem cell research under the FP7 programme. The analysis highlights the methodological difficulties faced by the group in the grounding of its Opinions, the blurring of normative moral and legal orders, the risk of politicisation of ethics and the potential overreach by the EU of its competences in reliance on a group of this kind to reach unity on deeply contested moral questions in a culturally and morally diverse Europe.     

精神权利保护的一种法哲学解释

精神权利最初源于个人主义和浪漫主义对尊重个人创作和个性的要求。德国的先验唯心主义和法国的天赋人权学说从人的主观权利和自然权利的角度论证了这种要求的正当性,并进而涉及到人的主观权利和作者人格的联系。19世纪这种联系扩展到作者和作品之间的一般联系,并被确认为作者身份所因有的最高人格权。但在精神权利制度化的生长过程中,20世纪30年代以降,受实用主义哲学的影响,精神权利呈现弱化和软化处理的趋向,具有一种从纯粹的自然权利蜕化为某种制度安排工具的倾向。从权利制度化的角度看,这种趋向是对市民社会发展变迁的理性反应,对解决版权交易市场中经济权利和精神权利存在的紧张关系具有积极意义。     

公务员忠诚义务的若干问题研究——对《公务员法》第12条的解读

《中华人民共和国公务员法》第12条规定了公务员的忠诚义务。公务员忠诚义务兼具伦理道德和法律的双重属性,是一种制度性的忠诚,约束公务员的一切与职务相关的行为。公务员违反忠诚于宪法和法律的义务,应予以追究道义、行政和法律上的责任。     

农业转移人口公民化与城市治理秩序重建

大量农业转移人口如何融入城市社会,是中国城市化、现代化所面临的重大挑战.当前的农业转移人口"市民化"战略,更侧重于阶层定位而非法律定位、策略性选择而非制度性安排,是一种分列式方案而非一体化布局,存在诸多局限和问题.从国家治理现代化和法治建设的宏观背景出发,城市化中农业转移人口应从市民化转向公民化,着力于公民角色、参政空间、文化兼容和一体格局的建设和拓展."公民化"有利于促进制度认同、公共参与和自律秩序的形成,从而形成多元治理秩序.只有实现了农业转移人口的公民化,才能真正建立起有效的城市治理秩序,从而推进民主与法治建设.     

Morality, social norms and the rule of law as transaction cost-saving devices: the case of ancient Athens

The importance of the institutional framework for economic development is widely accepted today and it is duly stressed in the economic literature. The protection of property rights, the enforcement of contracts and an efficient legal system are the pillars of the contemporary rule of law. However, formal institutions cannot function without being internalized by the citizens and without the strong backing of social norms. Morality and social norms are the major elements of the informal institutional structure, the social capital, which is also critical for social welfare and economic development. In this paper we will discuss both the formal and the informal institutional framework of Ancient Athens, which was a free market society with economic problems similar to contemporary market societies. Athenians developed a highly sophisticated legal framework for the protection of private property, the enforcement of contracts and the efficient resolution of disputes. Such an institutional framework functioned effectively, cultivating trust and protecting the security of transactions. This entire system however was based on social norms such as reciprocity, the value of reputation and widely accepted business ethics. Conformity to social norms as well as moral behavior was fostered by social sanction mechanisms (such as stigma) and moral education. The Athenian example is a further proof of the importance of morality and social norms as transaction cost-saving devices even in quite sophisticated legal systems. Their absence or decline leads inevitably to the need for more regulation and litigation and to a growing preference for clear-cut rules instead of discretionary standards. Athenian law was pioneering in the development of rules and institutional mechanisms suitable for the reduction of transaction costs, many of them surviving in the most complex contemporary legal systems.     

Cognitive psychologists as expert witnesses

The first part of this paper defines a central problem for professional ethics: whether agents in professional roles are to act on their own moral perceptions or rather defer to those with special authority to make decisions within particular institutional settings. Specifically, should the psychologist decide for himself whether and how to testify as an expert witness, or should he allow the judge and lawyer to settle these questions for him? I argue that he must decide for himself and attempt to control the nature of his testimony. Given this preliminary conclusion, the second part of the paper argues on direct moral grounds first for a general presumption in favor of psychologists' testimony on the accuracy of eyewitnesses. Such testimony fits the legal criterion of reasonable doubt, if the psychologists' information is more accurate than that of the average juror and lawyer. Second, it is argued that the expert witness must resist intense adversarial pressures and present his testimony as impartially and objectively as possible.     

Moral disengagement: relation to delinquency and independence from indices of social dysfunction

This article explores the relations of moral disengagement with several legal, institutional, and demographic characteristics of young offenders held in custody. The sample consisted of 152 randomly selected male young offenders from the largest young offenders' institution in Scotland. The age of the sample ranged from 16 to 21 (M = 18.9, SD =1.3). The respondents took part in a structured interview asking about several sociodemographic characteristics, and they completed the Moral Disengagement Scale. The sample in the study scored significantly higher on moral disengagement in comparison to a community sample. Higher moral disengagement was related to the offenders' families receiving help from a social worker; the expectation of an unstable living situation after custody; drug use before custody; and intention of drug use after custody. However, the lack of relation of moral disengagement to most of the social, family, school, employment, legal, and lifestyle characteristics of the sample suggests that moral disengagement is an independent variable exerting an influence on juvenile delinquent behavior over and above the social characteristics of juvenile delinquents.     

The Black Hand: A Study in Moral Panic

This analysis reviews the history of Black Hand extortion in the City of Chicago and argues that the societal response to Black Hand activity constituted a moral panic. In addition, special emphasis is given to the institutional legacy of society's response to Black Hand crime. It is argued that the moral panic created by the Black Hand contributed to the social construction of the alien conspiracy theory, which has dominated beliefs about the Mafia and organised crime for almost a century     

Environmental dynamism and cooperative innovation: the moderating role of state ownership and institutional development

The Journal of Technology Transfer - Taking a strategic fit perspective, we investigate the relationships between task environment (environmental dynamism), institutional environment (state...     

The Rule of Reasons. Three Models of Deliberative Democracy

In this paper, the author contrasts three models of deliberative democracy: a liberal one, a communitarian one, and an alternative to both. Rather than understanding deliberative democracy as the rule of principles of justice or of communal values, the third model conceives of it as the "rule of reasons." On the basis of a discussion of seven components of an "ethos of democracy" (the cognitive capacities of citizens, political virtues, the cultural, institutional and material conditions of democracy, political legitimacy, and the "ground" of democracy), the third view, which is based on a theory of moral and political justification, emerges as superior.