小议车辆超高诱导系统--道路,桥梁,隧道车辆超高诱导分析

车辆超高是指车辆及车载物的高度超过前方路段桥梁隧道或者限高道路的通行高度,通行高度可低于或高于交通法规定的车辆最大高度。车辆超高不一定造成交通事故,但一定极大的降低交通效率,且容易引发二次交通事故。     

Epidemiologic and phenomenologic aspects of suicide caused by leaping from a high bridge

Since the fascinating K?hlbrand Bridge within the harbour of Hamburg (520 m long, 53 m high) was put into operation in the year 1974, 56 persons (47 males, 9 females, aged between 20 and 82 years) committed suicide by jumping from the bridge up to 1997. These suicides could not be prevented although video supervision of the bridge has been arranged and a police station is not far away. The suicides took place without any predictable frequency concerning time and season. However, after reports of spectacular cases within the media there was a tendency of suicidents to prefer the same manner of suicide, for instance in the year 1994. In recent time, a considerable number of suicidents did not jump from the very top of the bridge down into the water but hit to the ground after jumping from the access ramps. The special aim of this retrospective study included an analysis of the injury pattern (autopsy rate only 47%!) and special phenomenological and reconstructive aspects of the suicides.     

Managing fragmentation in global environmental governance: the REDD+ Partnership as bridge organization

This article analyzes the increasing institutional and organizational complexity and fragmentation surrounding the international financing mechanism REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and related forest activities), now being negotiated within the UNFCCC. We focus, in particular, on critically assessing the prospects of managing such fragmentation. We do so by analyzing whether and how (what we conceptualize here as) a “bridge organization”—the voluntary, multi-stakeholder REDD+ Partnership bringing together state and non-state actors from global to local scales—has aided in managing fragmentation in this realm, through exercising four enabling functions (enhancing transparency, participation, knowledge sharing, and coordination). Our analysis shows that the REDD+ Partnership has partially succeeded in furthering such procedural aims, but that this has not resulted in a “scaling up of REDD+ action and finance,” its overarching substantive aim. In contrast to dominant views of a bridge organization’s modus operandi, we conclude, based on our analysis, that its value lies not in overcoming persisting geopolitical conflicts around climate mitigation and providing a “depoliticized” context within which to manage fragmentation. Instead, its success lies in permitting dialogue and exchange even in the face of persisting political conflicts over its raison d’être and functions. In making these arguments, the article extends recent debates on the prospects to manage fragmentation in global environmental governance and provides a critical assessment of the role therein for bridge organizations.     

Engineering human tissue and regulation: confronting biology and law to bridge the gaps

There are a number of difficulties confronting the regulation of human tissue engineered products, from the scientific, ethical and legal perspectives. Many of these issues are international in scope and any responses must consider the global implications of marketing and monitoring these products. The article argues that as tissue engineered products become more available regulatory authorities should not be pressured into adopting possibly inappropriate measures, but must consider all the factors relevant to human health, including the need for innovative regulatory mechanisms as well as innovative tissue products themselves.     

心肌桥的研究现状及法医学意义

心肌桥是一种少见的解剖学异常,可引起猝死,近年来已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据文献资料从心肌桥的发生率、解剖学特征、病理生理变化、临床表现及法医学意义等方面进行综述。     

科技中介机构：架构政府与市场的桥梁

20 0 2年 9月 ,根据科技部国际合作司的统一安排 ,科技部政策法规与体制改革司组成调研组 ,赴法国、德国进行了科技中介机构专题调研。在驻法使馆科技处、驻德使馆科技处的大力支持和统筹安排下 ,调研组访问了法国研究部技术司、法国推广署 (ANVAR)、法国科技成果转让与创新公司 (FIST)以及德国工程师协会(VDI)技术中心、德国亚琛技术创新与转让中心 (AGIT)和史太白经济促进基金会 (STW )技术转让中心(STC)等单位 ,并进行了座谈 ,据此形成了本调研报告     

论劳动者的罢工权

在法律上承认和规范劳动者的罢工权,防止非法罢工,不仅有利于劳动者劳动权益的维护,也有利于社会的稳定。罢工权不是孤立的,劳动法领域中的罢工权,是劳动者的一项劳动权利,是劳动者集体劳动权的重要组成部分,与劳动者组织工会的权利（团结权）、集体谈判的权利密不可分。劳动者享有法律所保护的合法罢工权。罢工基于维护劳动者的合法权益,局限于劳动关系领域,并要符合法律规定的程序。在法律上确立劳动者享有合法的罢工权后,如何保护依法罢工的劳动者的利益是法律必须面对和解决的重要问题,也是关系到劳动者罢工权是否能真正享有的保障。为了维护劳动者的权益,法律应当赋予劳动者罢工权,但当罢工影响到社会公共秩序的时候,罢工权就应该受到限制。     

审判公开的限度——以未成年人刑事审判为例

为了保护未成年人利益,对未成年人刑事案件不公开审判,这是审判公开原则的例外.其基本含义是审判过程不公开,其衍生规则包括:诉讼材料不公开、判决不公开、对其媒体报道要进行限制.但是,未成年人刑事案件不公开也是有限度的,必须在与正当程序、被告人利益、新闻自由等利益平衡后确定是否公开审判,以确保未成年人利益与公众知情权的合理平衡.     

未成年犯社区矫正分析

社区矫正在预防和控制未成年人犯罪方面具有十分重要的地位和作用,符合未成年犯的心理特征,有利于克服监禁刑的弊端,有利于和发达国家的刑罚模式接轨。我国社会主义的刑事政策、社会主义的法律体系以及日趋完善的社区和健全的司法行政体系资源为未成年犯罪人适用社区矫正提供了现实可能性。针对我国未成年犯社区矫正工作中存在的问题,笔者认为,更新行刑观念、对社区矫正进行科学定位、建立专门的社区矫正机构、配备专业的矫正人员、建立适合未成年人特点的社区矫正项目以及建立未成年犯社区矫正制度的评估体系是对未成年犯社区矫正制度完善的重要举措。     

Donation of 'spare' fresh or frozen embryos to research: who decides that an embryo is 'spare' and how can we enhance the quality and protect the validity of consent?

This paper analyses elements of the legal process of consent to the donation of 'spare' embryos to research, including stem-cell research, and makes a recommendation intended to enhance the quality of that process, including on occasion by guarding against the invalidity of such consent. This is important in its own right and also so as to maximise the reproductive treatment options of couples engaged in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment and to avoid possible harms to them. In Part 1, with reference to qualitative data from three UK IVF clinics, we explore the often delicate and contingent nature of what comes to be, for legal purposes, a 'spare' embryo. The way in which an embryo becomes 'spare', with its implications for the process of consent to donation to research, is not addressed in the relevant reports relating to or codes of practice governing the donation of embryos to research, which assume an unproblematic notion of the 'spare' embryo. Significantly, our analysis demonstrates that there is an important and previously unrecognised first stage in the donation of a 'spare' embryo to research, namely: consent to an embryo being 'spare' and so, at the same time, to its disuse in treatment. This is not explicitly covered by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) Act 1990, as amended by the HFE Act 2008. Having identified this important initial stage in the process of consent to the donation of a 'spare' embryo to research in conclusion to Part 1, in Part 2 we analyse the idea of consent to an embryo's disuse in treatment on the basis that it is 'spare' with reference to the legal elements of consent, namely information as to nature and purpose, capacity, and voluntariness. We argue that there are in fact three related consent processes in play, of which the principal one concerns consent to an embryo's disuse in treatment. If the quality of this first consent is compromised, in turn this will impact on the quality of the consent to the donation of that 'spare' embryo to research, followed by the quality of consent to future cycles of assisted reproduction treatment in the event that these are needed as a result of a donation decision. The analysis overall is of central relevance to the debate as to whether, and if so when, it should be permissible to request the donation of fresh embryos for research, as opposed to those that have been frozen and, for instance, have reached the end of their statutory storage term. This has a particular bearing on the donation of embryos to stem-cell research since there is a debate as to whether fresh embryos are most useful for this.     

吉林省新型农村合作医疗现状与应对策略

农民的健康问题关系到保护农村生产力、振兴农村经济、维护农村社会和谐发展和稳定的大局,对提高全民族素质具有重大意义。吉林省新型农村合作医疗（简称新农合）基本解决了农村居民因病致贫、因病返贫问题,广大农民主动就诊意识明显提高,＂小病拖,大病扛＂的现象得到了缓解,但还存在一些问题需要尽快采取措施加以解决。一是要加大宣传力度,让广大农民充分了解新农合的好处;二是要加强对新农合基金的管理;三是要科学调整补偿方案,提高补偿比例;四是要加快信息化建设,提高管理效率和水平;五是要大力加强农村卫生服务体系建设;六是要健全农村医疗保险制度。     

民族自治地方政府推行开放式决策的路径

民族自治地方政府重大事项决策需要由"封闭式决策"转向"开放式决策",这既是保障广大少数民族地区群众的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权的需要,更是民族自治地方政府实现决策民主化、科学化和法治化的必由之路。要在民族自治地方成功推行开放式决策,一方面要借鉴发达地区成功的决策经验,另一方面要结合本民族地区的实际,探索适合民族自治地方政府的开放式决策之路。     

合并与分离:刑事附带民事诉讼制度的反思与重构

刑事附带民事诉讼制度的立法目的在于减轻诉累 ,提高诉讼效率 ,保证正确处理刑事案件 ,维护司法判决的统一性和严肃性 ,维护国家、集体财产利益以及被害人的合法权益。但随着法制建设的不断进步 ,民事实体和程序法律的不断完善 ,刑事附带民事诉讼制度的实践价值受到质疑。同时由于我国在立法规范和制度设计上的缺陷 ,导致附带民事诉讼缺乏独立性、救济范围过于狭窄 ,从而造成了对被害人的利益保护不足。因此 ,总结我国的立法和司法实践 ,借鉴各国立法经验 ,强化刑事案件民事赔偿救济程序的独立性 ,逐步实现刑事诉讼与民事诉讼的分立 ,将成为重构我国刑事附带民事诉讼的立法趋势     

行政法的治理逻辑

与国家管理模式相契合的行政法,因过分夸大公私益紧张关系,过分强调行政优益性,过分聚焦行政行为,过分重视命令-服从,导致行政法逻辑的扭曲和行政法制化正当性的削弱。正在崛起的公共治理模式要求确立一种因认同而遵从的行政法治理逻辑。为此,第一要反思行政法的治理机理,通过维护公共理性来助成解决私人选择失灵问题,从收用行政、给付行政、秩序行政和合作行政四个方面统筹重塑公私交融的行政法利益基础。第二在"还原"行政法行动场域的基础上,依靠针对性的机制设计来塑造行政法主体角色。第三将认知和建构行政法的视角从行政行为拓展至交涉性行政关系,遵循比例原则,设定一个行政支配性/公民自主性组合关系的谱系。第四建构一套行政法商谈框架,运用360°商谈模式寻求行政法效力的普遍认同。本文认为,与此种治理逻辑相契合的行政法呈现为非对称性平衡,它集中体现为行政与公民双方在权能上的势均力敌。     

船舶承租人海事赔偿责任限制权利初探--兼评"The CMA Djakarta"轮案

1976年<海事赔偿责任限制公约>将船舶承租人归入船舶所有人,赋予责任限制权利.但是公约未明确规定承租人的范围和可限制责任的索赔.海事司法实践中,需要运用适当的法律解释方法,析明公约规定的含义、正确裁判,以实现公约目的.通过解释,公约规定的承租人应当是光船承租人、期租承租人和航次承租人等的统称.船舶所有人遭受的直接财产损失不是可限制责任的索赔,船舶承租人无权对此限制责任.船舶所有人提出的船载货物损害追偿索赔,承租人仍有权限制责任.我国<海商法>的相关规定应当作相同解释与理解.     

精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关问题

为了探讨精神病人合同能力鉴定的相关理论 ,解决合同能力鉴定中鉴定标准混乱的问题 ,对合同能力鉴定的法律基础、标准、民事行为能力与民事权利能力的区别 ,民事行为能力的广义、狭义区分进行了论述。提出合同能力鉴定的核心问题是意思表示的真实性 ,主张将合同能力分为有、无两级 ,强调合同能力的分级与民事行为能力的等级存在区别。并提出合同能力鉴定的程式为 :首先判定其行为能力 ,有行为能力相应具有合同能力 ,无行为能力即无合同能力 ,限制民事行为者 ,应根据年龄、智力、精神健康状况、生活关联度 ,再分为有合同能力、无合同能力。     

惩罚性违约金的经济分析——兼评我国合同法违约金数量调整规则

阻止效率违约论、引诱对方违约论、增加社会成本论、排除外来竞争论以及不当得利论等反对惩罚性违约金的诸多理由并不成立,相反,惩罚性违约金具有担保合同履行、信号传递、为当事人提供有效率的保险、阻止和威慑无效率违约、鼓励执法、解决信息不对称问题等重要功能。因此,法院应该常规地执行惩罚性违约金,而不是根据违约人的请求武断地因其数量过高而予以调整,除非在缔约过程中存在欺诈、双方错误、胁迫,或是缔约后出现了情势变更。     

The pedagogy of legal reasoning: democracy,discourse and community

Learning legal reasoning is a central part of any undergraduate law degree and remains a threshold concept: one which is vital for any law student to grasp, but which is often difficult to explain. It is a form of reasoning which is very distinctive to the discipline. This article explores the applicability of learning theories typically used to ground pedagogy in higher education to the specific task of teaching legal reasoning. Constructivist or experiential theories of learning are widely used in higher education, but they need to be used with a clear focus on the specific nature of legal reasoning, which does not fit neatly within the assumptions about learning which underpin many constructivist approaches. Situated learning theories, which place emphasis on the role of the community in constructing knowledge, can also be of value. However, steps need to be taken to avoid replicating the hierarchy of the legal community within educational communities. Overall, the pedagogy of legal reasoning needs to pay attention to the specific nature of legal reasoning, to enable students to access the discourse of the legal community to use as a model, and to take students seriously as members of that community.     

论我国基因信息不知情权的确立

基因信息对健康状况具有强烈的预测性,出于诸种原因当事人未必想知晓基因信息.为充分尊重自我决定权,比较法上承认权利人享有基因信息不知情权.基因信息不知情权指权利人有权预先决定是否接受基因信息的披露,其核心要义为“知情拒绝权”.基因信息不知情权旨在保障权利人对基因信息的自主控制,在我国隐私权与个人信息区分规制的立法模式下,...     

Financial disclosure by clinical investigators--FDA. Final rule

The food and Drug Administration (FDA) is issuing regulations requiring the sponsor of any drug, including a biological product, or device marketing application (applicant), to submit certain information concerning the compensation to, and financial interests of any clinical investigator conducting certain clinical studies. This requirement will apply to any covered clinical study of a drug or device submitted in a marketing application that the applicant or FDA relies on to establish that the product is effective, including studies that show equivalence to an effective product, or that make a significant contribution to the demonstration of safety. This final rule requires applicants to certify to the absence of certain financial interests of clinical investigators and/or disclose those financial interests, as required, when covered clinical studies are submitted to FDA in support of product marketing. This regulation is intended to ensure that financial interests and arrangements of clinical investigators that could affect reliability of data submitted to FDA in support of product marketing are identified and disclosed by the sponsor of any drug, biological product, or device marketing application. If the applicant does not include certification or disclosure, or both, if required, or does not certify that it was not possible to obtain the information, the agency may refuse to file the application. FDA intends to propose to extend these requirements to submissions for marketing approval related to human foods, animal foods, and animal drugs in a subsequent issue of the Federal Register.