社会民主主义和民主社会主义(上)--概念的起源和历史演变

社会民主主义和民主社会主义是近现代政治思想特别是社会主义思想中的两个重要概念.这两者之间存在继承和发展的关系,而两者的内涵本身又各自有其发展变化的过程.本文拟按历史顺序论述这一过程,希望能对比较精确地理解和使用这两个概念有所帮助.     

完整准确地理解和运用马克思恩格斯的所有制思想

社会主义与公有制的关系问题,是国际共产主义运动中的基本理论问题之一.长期以来,人们并没有完整准确地理解马克思、恩格斯的有关思想,这是导致人们在社会主义实践中在所有制政策上发生"左"的或右的错误思想认识的根源.马克思、恩格斯的所有制思想包括两个基本观点:一是所有制问题是社会主义改造和建设的根本问题;二是所有制的改造步骤要...     

历史演变中的主权与人权：矛盾、交叉与重合

主权和人权这两个概念都是在西方产生的。在很长的时期内,这两个概念都是平行发展的。人权思想和主权思想获得重大发展的时间段基本上是重合的。在这两个概念发展演变的过程中,其内容既有矛盾的一面,也有交叉和重合的部分。矛盾的方面主要体现在:一是原始意义上的人权主要是为了保护个人免受国家权力的侵害,二是现代意义上的国际人权保护对国家主权造成了很大冲击。交叉的部分主要体现在17、18世纪新兴的资产阶级以人权学说为武器,进行夺取国家主权的斗争。重合的部分主要指二战后主权与人权的内涵在某些方面基本相同。     

社会主义与资本主义的关系及其未来

社会主义与资本主义的关系是既对立又共处、相互借鉴与合作发展.这决定了"两个必然"是一个漫长的历史过程.     

关于社会主义几个基本概念的探讨

社会主义的概念的出现远远晚于社会主义思想的出现。社会主义概念的提出,标志着社会主义思想日益走向自觉和成熟的阶段。"社会主义"就是具有社会命运共同体的意识,崇尚公平正义、共建共享、平等、博爱、和谐等价值观,反对个人主义和利己主义,主张消除任何形式的剥削、压迫和奴役,关心并以实际行动促进社会命运共同体的健康运行和发展,以实现全体社会成员普遍解放和普遍幸福的思想、运动或制度。"社会主义"与"共产主义"、"空想社会主义"与"科学社会主义"两对概念是有区别的。要全面准确地理解"中国特色社会主义"概念的科学内涵,说清楚中国特色社会主义旗帜、道路、理论体系、制度和实践五者之间的关系。     

伯恩施坦的生平和思想发展过程

本文以资本主义的发展和社会主义运动的历史为背景,对伯恩施坦的生平和思想发展过程做了全面的评介,并对社会主义运动和学术界对伯恩施坦的看法进行了评析.     

科学发展观对社会主义理论和实践的新探索

科学发展观是适应中国这样经济文化落后国家,在改革开放和实行社会主义市场经济的条件下,如何推动经济社会又好又快发展这一时代性课题应运而生的,是我国社会主义现代化建设实践经验的结晶和升华.科学发展观是对我们党关于发展问题的理论创新,实现了发展思想史上的一次飞跃,赋予社会主义发展理论新的时代内容和逻辑体系,丰富和发展了科学社...     

"三个代表":把握世界大局和历史演进规律的科学结晶

"三个代表"重要思想是对新时期、新阶段加深认识什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义,建设一个什么样的党、怎样建设党这一重大历史性课题的理论回应,是中国化的马克思主义的最新成果."三个代表"重要思想是从时代高度运用马克思主义的基本立场、观点和方法,纵观一百多年来世界社会主义运动经历的曲折复杂过程,深刻总结我们党的历史经验教训而得出的科学结论.     

"自由社会主义"和"社会自由主义"--论霍布豪斯的新自由主义

霍布豪斯作为新自由主义的代表人物之一,其社会自由主义思想主要涉及自由观、财产观和国家观等三个方面.霍布豪斯的自由主义思想的核心是个人自由与社会集体的善之间的有机的互动关系,提出了"社会和谐"的思想,在国家观上表现出多元主义.霍布豪斯的新自由主义思想,实质上是用社会主义思想的某些内容来补充和改造自由主义,是与第二国际欧洲社会党内的修正主义、改良主义思潮,亦即两次世界大战之间社会主义工人国际所属各党的社会民主主义相近的.     

列宁的"两制"均势思想及其对欧洲均势传统的反思和创新

列宁的两制均势思想是对苏维埃社会主义与资本主义世界相对峙的阐述,主要体现在内涵、基础、策略展现和目的性价值四个方面。列宁从这四个方面对两制均势的全面论述既继承了欧洲均势理论的某些传统,又完全超然于传统范畴中的均势意蕴,是列宁从国际关系角度出发来谈论均势的思想着力点。正因如此,列宁的两制均势思想成为对欧洲均势传统反思和创新的直接体现。     

Power and transformational and transactional leadership in public and private organizations

Ten public and 35 private organizations located in Central New York State participated in a university- sponsored research project to study the effects of organizational characteristics upon types of leadership (transformational/transactional) and power demonstrated by supervisors. Public sector organizations in which managers had low control over rewards were compared to private sector organizations in which managers had high control over rewards.

Followers perceived public sector supervisors as more inspirational by their followers and they used more active management-by-exception behavior than those in private organizations. Private sector supervisors had more reward, legitimate and coercive power than supervisors in public sector organizations.     

Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed

This article discusses two inter-related issues. Firstly, the factors lying behind Russia's fervent belief that its Novorossiya (New Russia) project, aimed to bring back to Russia eight oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Zaporizhhya, Odesa, Mykolayiv, and Kherson in eastern and southern Ukraine and launched during the 2014 “Russian Spring,” would be successful. Russian identity misunderstood, and continues to misunderstand, Ukraine and Ukrainians through stereotypes and myths of Ukraine as an “artificial state” and Ukraine's Russian speakers as “fraternal brothers” and Russians and Ukrainians as “one people” (odin narod). Secondly, why Ukrainian national identity was different than these Russian stereotypes and myths and how this led to the failure of the Novorossiya project. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians came face to face with the reality of Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriotism and their low support for the Russkij Mir (Russian World). The article compares Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians with how Ukrainians see themselves to explain the roots of the 2014 crisis, “Russian Spring,” and failure of Russian President Vladimir Putin's Novorossiya project.     

Natural Resources and Small Island Economies: Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago

Abstract

Historically, small economies, especially resource-rich ones, underperformed on average relative to their larger counterparts. Small island economies appear still more disadvantaged due to remoteness from both markets and agglomeration economies. Yet a comparison of two small island economies with similar initial conditions other than their mineral endowment suggests that policy outweighs size, isolation and resource endowment in determining economic performance. Resource-poor Mauritius adopted an unfashionable policy of export manufacturing that systematically eliminated surplus labour, which drove economic diversification that sustained rapid GDP growth and political maturation. Like most resource-rich economies, Trinidad and Tobago pursued policies that absorbed rent too rapidly, which impeded diversification and created an illusory prosperity vulnerable to collapse.     

Country size and economic growth and development

This paper attempts to provide limited empirical evidence on the nature of the relationship between country size and rates of economic growth and levels of economic development, and on the possible effects of trade concentration and dependence on trade on this relationship. It suggests that there is no discernible association between country size and economic development, nor between country size and economic growth, and that neither the dependence on trade of small countries nor their commodity and geographic export concentration are necessarily important factors in economic growth and economic development.     

Government and Corruption: Scylla and Charybdis

Using public sector employment and corruption perception data for 72 countries across the world, this article demonstrates that despite common notion countries with “smaller” governments do not tend to have lower corruption. Under general assumptions, one can demonstrate that there is an optimal size of public sector employment corresponding to the highest capital intensity. The model has several implications: lower optimal sizes of governments for labor intensive countries and higher sizes for capital intensive ones, possibility to reduce corruption paying a cost of suboptimal output, and a higher “price” of an oversized government for labor intensive countries.     

“两抢”犯罪的趋势与防控

根据最近16年的统计数据，我国“两抢”犯罪总体呈上升态势，且出现多方面的特点。当前，影响“两抢”犯罪变化趋势的因素主要有：社会管理机制完善的程度、社会成员之间收入的差距、“两抢”犯罪主体特点、社会成员的防范意识以及公安机关的防控机制等。预防“两抢”犯罪需要整个社会尤其是公安机关的共同努力。     

现代化与未成年人犯罪

未成人犯罪随着现代化的发展而发展，这可以说是一种国际现象。在现代化进程中，我国未成年人犯罪大量增多的原因在于：未成年人生理、心理发展不平衡，家庭教育存在缺失，学校教育存在不足，社会上存在着很多消极因素。在现代化进程中，必须采取有效对策，控制未成年人犯罪增多，才能保障未成年人健康成长。     

Earnings and ethnicity in Trinidad and Tobago

This study employs 1993 Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP) data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the determinants of earnings by ethnicity. The data, organised into three ethnic groupings, reveal lower levels of remuneration in the labour market for Africans and Indians than for individuals of other ethnicities taken as a whole. While the larger portion of the earnings differentials generally appears to be explained by ethnic differences in characteristics valued by the labour market, Africans and Indians would benefit substantially if they were to receive the same rates of remuneration for their educational endowments as workers of other ethnicities in the Trinidad and Tobago labour market. Notwithstanding Indians’ lowest average earnings, Africans appear more likely to be discriminated against.