Total Factor Productivity Growth and its Spatial Disparity across China's Township and Village Enterprises

What lies behind China's recent economic prosperity is the unexpected success and development of her township and village enterprises (TVEs). The proportion of China's total industrial output produced by the TVEs increased from 9 to 42% between 1978 and 1994. The incredible development of the TVEs, along with the declining in importance of the SOEs in recent years, undoubtedly suggests that the TVEs are the engine of growth of the Chinese economy, and their continuous success will have a tremendous impact on the economic development of China in and beyond the twenty-first century. What remains questionable, however, is whether or not this rapid development of the TVEs is at the same time exacerbating China's spatial disparity by encouraging inequality in productivity and production efficiency of these enterprises across different provinces. This study aims to answer this question by examining the changes in total factor productivity (TFP) of TVEs located in different provinces between 1988 and 1993 with particular reference to the corresponding spatial disparities of these changes. The Malmquist output based productivity index, which allows for the decomposition of productivity growth into changes in technical efficiency over time and shifts in technology over time, is the technique adopted here.     

发展乡镇企业、加快城镇化进程与解决"三农"问题

农业、农村和农民问题历来是我们党十分关注的关系国计民生的重大问题。解决好“三农”问题是全面建设小康社会的重大任务。大力发展乡镇企业对解决“三农”问题具有十分重要的意义 ;加快城镇化进程 ,走中国特色的城镇化道路是解决“三农”问题的根本途径     

社会转型与中国乡村权力结构研究--传统文化、乡镇企业和乡政村治

党的十一届三中全会以来,我国农村的改革促进了乡村社会的转型,传统文化的复兴、乡镇企业的崛起、乡政村治的建立等等导致了乡村权力结构中包含的具有各自利益需求和交换关系的主体--国家、基层政府、社区组织、乡镇企业、村民等等--不同身份特征的获得,并决定了他们有可能占有的资源及其相互的利益关联.对11省14个村庄的调查和比较,再现了转型期乡村权力结构的调整和重构.     

Economic Development and the Implementation of Village Elections in Rural China

Based on survey data from rural Fujian Province of China, this paper shows that economic development, especially village collective revenue, plays an important role in village elections. With economic development and industrialization, collective revenues will increase and differentiated interests will develop among villagers. Village elections are institutional channels for villagers to articulate their interests. The research findings show that it is the collective revenue and the relative living standard of the village compared with other townships within the same county or district that arouse villagers' interests for participation and candidates' motives for campaigning, and thus enhance the implementation of elections. The paper concludes that village-level economic development is crucial for the implementation of competitive elections. With economic development, village committees will control more collective revenues, thus increasing the stakes villagers have in elections. This will result in greater participation by villagers in elections, and in more competitive elections. Increased competitiveness of elections will facilitate changes in the institutions regarding village committee elections.     

可持续发展伦理对环境伦理的超越

贯彻落实科学发展观的关键是走可持续发展的道路。在马克思主义的指导下,吸收环境伦理学的核心观点,把人与人的关系和人与自然的关系都纳入伦理关怀的视野中,同时摒弃它所隐含的人类在自然界面前可以无所作为的思想,构建可持续发展伦理学,对贯彻落实科学发展观具有重要意义。     

对乡镇企业进行战略性大调整

经过改革开放以来２０余年的发展，我国乡镇企业正从传统的粗放经营阶段进入一个新的市场环境，一个日益采用现代企业组织形式和现代企业经营管理理念，充分吸纳现代生产要素，紧跟世界企业发展潮流，全面提升结构与质量的新阶段。在这个新阶段，乡镇企业要实现新发展，就必须与我国经济社会发展大战略相配合，实施八大战略性调整。１．聚集战略。乡镇企业要与国家推进城市化战略相配合，积极从分散走向聚集。乡镇企业的聚集战略包括区位聚集与产品聚集两个方面。区位聚集是指乡镇企业布局要集中。乡镇企业要与县域经济发展战略相适应，向县…     

走向公共参与取向的乡镇治理

从某种意义上说,中国的政治体制改革是从乡镇开始的.在1978年底召开的十一届三中全会上,"政社合一"受到批判.1982年通过的新<宪法>明确规定设立乡镇一级政府,随后开始了政社分开建立乡镇政府的工作,乡镇成为了中国政权体系的最基层.     

A Rural Village Remodeled

XULIUKOU Village of Qian'an City, at the eastern end of the Yanshan Moun- tains, comes under the juris- diction of Hebei's Tangshan. Just a few years ago, it presented a sorrowful image of rural China - that of toiling farmers struggling to emerge from overwhelming poverty in a remote outpost. Despite gen- erations of unrelenting diligence, until the opening years of the new millennium, Xuliukou villagers remained as poor as ever. The only thing their home seemed capable of producing in …     

Survival Strategies of Township Governments in Rural China: from predatory taxation to land trade

Based on my fieldwork in rural China in 2004–2005, where I conducted semi-structured interviews with 108 local cadres and villagers, this article explores the survival strategies of township governments as the most recent tax reforms (i.e. the tax-for-fee reform and the abolition of the agricultural tax) have been implemented since 2000. It argues that township governments have taken adaptive strategies to maintain over-quota personnel even under pressure to reduce it. It finds that the strategies have changed from predatory taxation in the 1990s to land trade in the last decade, while the implementation of the rural tax reforms has brought fiscal crises in agricultural villages. Local officials have a limited incentive to respond to collective resistance on taxation but do not have the same incentive on land disputes.     

论我国西部企业实施“走出去”战略研究

文章试图从理论和实践的角度,探讨我国西部企业要实施"走出去"战略的理论依据,分析西部企业的竞争优势,从而提出西部企业实施"走出去"战略的相应战略和面临的障碍以及我们政府应采取的政策措施.     

法国农村税费与乡村治理研究

国家和政府对社会进行有效治理的财力来源,主要是依赖于政府所征收的税费。农村税费不仅是一个经济问题,而且也是一个政治问题,它直接影响着乡村社会的有效治理。本文从法国农村基本税费的介绍切入,揭示了其乡村治理的财政基础,并对法国农村税费与乡村治理的制度绩效、主要问题和现实动向进行了尝试性的探讨。     

税费改革后乡镇政府职能探索

随着农业税退出历史舞台,那种以征税为“中心任务”的乡镇职能不复存在。征收压力的解除,为服务型政府的定位创造了条件。然而,免征农业税后,乡镇政府没有根据农民群众的需要来界定职能,乡镇政府的现有职能并没有根本改观。税费改革后,乡镇政府的主要职能就是强化社会管理与公共服务职能。要保证乡镇政府职能得到有效履行,必须建立三种机制：乡镇政权的运行新机制；准确反映农民需求的表述机制；农村公共产品的供给机制。     

打造旅游型名村 给力新农村建设——广东省汕头市澄海区西浦村发展模式研究

该文阐述了汕头市西浦村借助自身的自然资源优势,以生态环境作为旅游吸引力,开发观光、休闲、度假旅游产品,以创建＂乡村旅游型名村＂为契机,形成环境优良、经济发展、社会稳定、人与自然和谐相处的良好局面,同时指出了该村新农村建设过程中存在的若干问题,并提出相关的对策建议。     

乡镇企业体制下农民流动的变迁与反思

农民流动,是中国现代化之必然与必需。农民的流动化、非农化与市民化是解决中国农民问题的根本出路。乡镇企业促成了中国历史上农民的第一次空前规模的持续非农化流动,进而推动了中国的城镇化发展与农民的市民化,极大地解放了农村生产力,具有巨大的历史意义。乡镇企业体制下的农民流动历经以下五个阶段:流动高潮(1984-1988)、流动趋缓(1989-1992)、流动异地化与饱和化(1993-1996)、流动减速(1997-2003)、流动多元化(2004-2008)。从流动态势与特点看,经历从大规模流动到稳定流动,从就地流动到异地流动,从农村流动到城镇流动,大体上具有持续性。     

Direct Township Elections in China: latest developments and prospects

The first direct election of township government leader was held in Sichuan Province in 1998, following a decade of direct elections at the village level. There have since been experiments with four categories of elections at the township level: direct elections of government leader, deputies to the People's Congress, Party Secretary, and deputies to the Party Congress. Various indirect methods under different terms have also been introduced, which invariably increase the more active participation of ordinary voters. The assessments of these elections vary from total negation, serious doubts to enthusiastic praise. Suggestions for improvement focus on lowering the qualifications of candidates and allowing campaigning by candidates themselves. Following the latest amendment to the Constitution that extends the term of office of the township government from three years to five, four options for further reform are available. Except for one option, direct elections are proposed or at least possible.     

乡镇政府回应：意义、存在的问题及对策

乡镇政府及其工作人员能否对乡村社会和广大农民的需求做出积极、负责任的回应，直接关系到新农村建设的成效。因此，提升乡镇政府回应能力就要改革压力型行政体制，合理划分各级政府的事权；把握好回应指向；转变乡镇政府职能；建立健全乡镇政府回应机制和注重对乡镇政府回应进行科学的绩效评估等。     

村镇工厂与农村女性反贫困研究

以女性为主的农村留守人口现实状况使得以就业为目标的村镇工厂扶贫在客观上具备了性别化特征。在遵循家庭内传统性别分工的基础上,村镇工厂的产业属性、务工门槛、就业灵活性和就业距离等特征很好地衔接了农村贫困女性通过务工实现增收的现实需求,但村镇工厂面临的多方面困境使得其在推动女性反贫困方面需要处理潜在危机。充分吸收乡镇企业发展的历史经验、具有明确性别意识的反贫困政策、统筹协调的发展机制、多层次的利益联结机制以及公共服务和劳动保护的改善是主要的政策发展方向。     

民革智力支边走进裕固肃南

2006年7月25日,北京民革党员中文化教育、医疗卫生、畜牧养殖、地质勘探等方面的专家学者一行20人,由我带队,乘坐火车,穿越河北、山西、内蒙、宁夏,来到海拔2400米的祁连山脚下,进入甘肃肃南裕固族自治县,开始为期12天的智力支边活动.