经济自由与刑法理性:经济刑法的范围界定

刑法对任何行为的惩罚都要有正当化根据,要坚持犯罪化的基本原则。当今世界不少国家刑法都呈现泛化倾向,我国经济刑法也明显存在调整范围过度的现象。传统刑法理论认为经济犯罪的客体是国家经济秩序,这种理解难以符合市场经济本质和前行方向,容易引起经济刑法处罚范围的不当扩大。经济犯罪是市场主体滥用经济自由而导致对其他平等主体或社会、国家公共利益的伤害(危险),对其法益要从实质上解释,形式上只是违反特定经济制度或秩序,不产生具体法益侵害的行为,应由经济行政法调整,不宜纳入刑法范围。当前我国经济犯罪的司法认定要重视刑法解释方法的运用,以限缩经济刑法的处罚范围。     

Slave Women,Resistance and Criminality:

The system of slavery, a reflection of a patriarchal and racist social order, legitimatized and facilitated not only the economic and racist oppression but the sexual exploitation of black slave women. An extensive review of the literature on slavery was used to address how slave women accommodated and resisted these multiple forms of oppression. The findings presented here indicate that as blacks, both sexes experienced the harsh and inhumane consequences of racism and economic exploitation. In response to their exploitation, there was a significant convergence in male and female involvement in such forms of "criminal" resistance, such as murder, assault, theft and arson. These actions were employed to improve the slaves' lot in life and to express opposition to the slave system. "Criminal" resistance therefore set the stage for black women's participation in the criminal activities characteristic of today. Findings also suggest that in response to sexual exploitation, gender specific forms of accommodation-eg., acting as breeders and sex workers-were utilized in order to make slave women's lives bearable. The article concludes that the various forms of accommodation served as a preface to black women's vulnerability to sex-oriented crimes within the context of the twentieth century American society.     

论作为犯罪阻却事由的职务行为——以司法工作人员的职务行为为中心

司法工作人员的合法职务行为是犯罪阻却事由;职务行为的合法性要件是:必须具有法律、法令的根据,属于司法工作人员的一般的、抽象的职务权限范围,具有实施该职务行为的具体的职务权限,且符合作为司法工作人员职务行为有效要件的法律上的重要条件与方式;不宜将司法工作人员制止违法犯罪的职务行为作为正当防卫处理;对过当的职务行为,不能类推适用防卫过当、避险过当的处罚规定。     

Effects of victims' characteristics on attitudes toward hate crimes

Hate crimes are motivated by perpetrators' prejudice toward targets' group. To examine individuals' attitudes toward hate crime perpetrators and targets, participants responded to vignettes of court cases in which the victim's group membership was varied. Results showed that participants recommended more severe sentences for perpetrators when the targets of their crimes were not White males or White females and reported those crimes as more closely fitting the definition of "hate crime." These results show that participants consider penalty enhancements appropriate for hate crimes and that they do not consider crimes against women to be hate crimes, consistent with present hate crime legislation. These results have implications for the utility and support of hate crime legislation but may showcase the resistance to expanding the legislation to protect individuals of other groups, especially women.     

网络犯罪的特点及提高侦查能力的途径

网络在为人们提供方便和便捷的同时,也给网络犯罪提供了一个低成本、高效率的作案平台,利用网络实施的网络犯罪已涉及绝大部分社会犯罪现象,给互联网安全和社会稳定带来了很大冲击,成为了一个不容忽视的社会问题。应该弄清当前网络犯罪的特点、原因,公安机关提高侦查、打击网络犯罪的能力,以有效遏制网络犯罪,使互联网能更好的服务大众、服务社会发展。     

From Betrayal to Violence: Dante's Inferno and the Social Construction of Crime

This essay reflects on contemporary justifications for the grading of crimes, especially the conception that the gravity of crimes is rooted in "desert," understood to depend particularly on the offender's state of mind and to a lesser extent on the harm done or threatened to society.
Drawing on Dante's Inferno, the essay shows how the gravity of crimes is socially constructed. For reasons rooted in the sociopolitical forces, as well as the philosophy and law of his day, Dante found the crimes most deserving of punishment to be those of betrayal of trust. He conceived such crimes to be the most deliberate and to do the most damage to the social fabric. Contemporary law has found that crimes of betrayal are generally less deserving of punishment than crimes of violence; the essay shows how social and historical forces, including even the traditions upon which Dante drew, have shaped this choice. In the course of grading crimes in this way, the law has altered its conceptions of "intent" as well as of harm to society so radically that the notion of "desert" has lost much of its coherence. The importance of trust in modern society, moreover, has been misunderstood in the contemporary grading of crimes.     

Power, crime and criminology in the new imperial age

As a consequence of the U.S. pursuit of neo-liberal global hegemony in the post-Soviet era, the language of empire has returned to political discourse and social analysis after an eighty-year absence. Although the pursuit of empire and the exertion of imperial control is deeply and demonstrably injurious to the nations and people subjected to this control, orthodox criminology has given relatively little attention to this emerging world of transnational social injury, choosing instead to continue its traditional focus on private crimes of greed, lust and rage. In this essay I detail how legal formalism, methodological individualism, ameliorative motives, mass-communications and the reward structure of orthodox criminology combine to form a meta-theoretical framework that has kept the criminological gaze averted from injurious actions of transnational structures of power. I then offer an alternative framework for a criminology of empire and other power crimes focused on how intersections among economic, political and cultural processes generate social injuries that are analogous to crimes in their nature and consequences, and that, as a result should become as significant a focus of criminological inquiry as the street crimes that now dominate criminological research and writing. What do we do with our knowledge about the suffering of others, and what does this knowledge do to us? -Stanley Cohen      

The Effect of Racial Inequality on Black Male Recidivism

Macrostructural opportunity theorists posit that the unequal distribution of economic resources across racial groups promotes animosities among disadvantaged minorities, disrupts community integration, and fosters criminal activity. Guided by this framework, we hypothesize that Black ex‐prisoners who reenter communities with high levels of racial inequality are more likely to commit new crimes. Support for this argument is found for a large group of males (N = 34,868) released from state prisons to 62 counties in Florida over a 2‐year period. We also find evidence that racial inequality amplifies the adverse effects of person‐level risk factors on recidivism for Black ex‐inmates. In comparison, the effect of inequality on White male recidivism is far less meaningful. These findings underscore the need for researchers to consider social context when studying recidivism among Black males, and also support the efforts of correctional reformers who advocate for state resources to assist prisoner reentry.     

论聚众犯罪的特征——以群体性事件为视角

在社会矛盾不断深化的当下,部分群体性事件演变、升级为一些聚众犯罪,这不仅是部分群体性事件的极端表现形式,也是当前社会矛盾的必然反应。这些由群体性事件演变而来的聚众犯罪与传统的聚众犯罪相比,呈现出"行为发生的偶发性与情绪性,行为方式的公然行与暴力性,行为主体的多元性与复杂性,行为演变的预谋性与组织性,危害后果的严重性与难控性"等一些自身的鲜明特点。对这些鲜明特征的理解和把握,不仅有利于对此类聚众犯罪的分析和判断,也有利于化解和处置群体性事件背后的深层次社会矛盾,从根源上寻求群体性事件的消解与控制之道。     

社会控制弱化与证券违法犯罪

社会控制与犯罪现象有密切联系。从社会控制的角度看,道德水平的滑坡、错误舆论的影响、不良习惯的存在、司法环节的乏力等社会控制功能淡化因素是我国证券违法犯罪行为得以发生的社会现实条件。要从更广阔的视野来考虑如何建构对证券犯罪的防范体系。     

DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION OF JUVENILE OFFENDERS*

This research investigated the effects of the closing of a juvenile correctional institution. A nonequivalent control group design was used to compare the effects of the closing on placements and criminal behavior for three groups (N = 927) whose institutionalization experiences differed. Official crime data were obtained for all, and interviews were attempted with 752 juveniles. The noninstitutionalized group's recidivism was significantly higher than that of the institutionalized groups both during and after the period of institutionalization. Consistent group differences in offending were observed for crimes against property but not for crimes involving drugs or crimes against persons. These differences were significant but not as pronounced when only the most serious crimes were considered. Implications for the design of effective juvenile correctional strategies are discussed.     

社会危害性在犯罪构成理论中的地位探析

目前在刑法学界存在着社会危害性理论备受指责的现象,有的学者甚至认为应将社会危害性逐出我国的犯罪构成理论。这是不科学的。我们应该运用立体动态思维的方式正确分析犯罪概念、犯罪构成与罪刑法定主义的关系,不但要保留社会危害性的地位,更重要的是将其明确作为一个独立的犯罪成立的条件,这样才是对传统犯罪构成理论批判性的发展。     

Welfare and property crime

In 1996 the U.S. federal government enacted a welfare reform bill aimed at reducing public assistance to the poor. This legislation may have implications for future levels of property crime. In this study we examine whether differences in levels of AFDC assistance and rates of welfare participation among 406 large metropolitan counties affected variation in burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Regression analyses controlled for the potential effects of family structure, divorce, unemployment, and a number of other variables. The results confirmed links between welfare and property crime suggested by strain, social support, and a version of social disorganization theory. Both monetary assistance levels and participation rates were associated negatively with all property crimes.     

机动车犯罪防控对策——关于机动车强制安装卫星定位系统的思考

随着机动车犯罪案件数量的增多,犯罪手段的智能化、技术化、集团化趋势日益明显,公安机关的传统侦控方式已经不能满足遏制这类犯罪的需要,而追踪机动车的行动轨迹成为侦查此类犯罪的常用程序,故建议在全国机动车上强制安装卫星定位系统,以此来控制机动车犯罪.立法机关应当把“机动车上强制安装卫星定位系统”的建议写入《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》.这一技术手段的应用可能会触及公民的隐私权,但其社会的公益性远远大于个人的隐私权,而且公民的隐私权也能够得到有效的充分保护.     

Decision Making in Delinquency Cases: The Role of Race and Juveniles' Admission/Denial of the Crime

Investigated how accused delinquents' admission/denial of their crimes affected adjudication and disposition decisions. An archival analysis of 2,043 adjudication decisions in 16 Georgia counties found that juveniles who admitted committing their crimes were treated more severely than juveniles who denied committing their crimes. Whites were more likely than Blacks to admit committing the crime, and, after controlling for this and other legal factors, race did not have a significant effect. In the second study, 67 judges, 53 probation officers, and 126 court service workers made adjudication and disposition decisions about three juveniles in an experimental simulation in which race of juvenile, length of prior record, and the juvenile's reaction to the crime (admitting or denying it) were systematically manipulated. Consistent with the archival study, juveniles who admitted committing their offense were treated more severely than juveniles who denied committing their offense. Possible reasons are discussed for why admitting a crime leads to more punishment.     

高科技语境下的电子信息犯罪

电子信息犯罪是现代高科技发展的衍生物。不法分子运用窃听、窃录、窃照、发送不良手机短信、制造计算机病毒、伪造信用卡和破坏互联网传输功能等手段，严重危害国家信息安全，实施商业欺诈，侵犯社会组织和公民的隐私权，对经济发展、社会和谐造成极大威胁。面对这一新的挑战，我们必须采取法律的、技术的手段进行控制和防范。     

Homicides in the federal city of Ulm in the first 5 decades following the 30 years' war

Reports about homicidal crimes after the end of the Thirty Years War from 1648 to 1699 were investigated with respect to the way and frequency of homicide, the social milieu and the consequences of the crime. Original sources from the municipal archives of Ulm were evaluated. Thirty six crimes of manslaughter were officially documented, out of these 30 crimes could be investigated. Most frequent was murder by puncture (11 cases) followed by striking dead (7 cases). Sixteen delinquents were arrested, 8 were executed and 3 absolved. In 9 cases the statements of a doctor or a barber were taken into account for judgement. Only in two cases of infanticide comments about the social background could be found. Delinquents as well as victims of the crimes belonged to various social classes. In the present view the years after several decades of war do not appear as a time of increased violence or legal insecurity.     

LIFE SPAN OFFENDING TRAJECTORIES OF A DUTCH CONVICTION COHORT*

The aim of this paper is to describe the development of criminal behavior from early adolescence to late adulthood based on conviction data for a sample of Dutch offenders. Measuring over an age span of 12 to 72, we ask whether there is evidence for (1) criminal trajectories that are distinct in terms of time path, (2) a small group of persistent offenders, (3) criminal trajectories that are distinct in the mix of crimes committed, or, more specifically, persistent offenders disproportionately engaging in violent offences, and (4) different offender groups having different social profiles in life domains other than crime. The analysis is based on the conviction histories of the Dutch offenders in the Criminal Career and Life Course Study. Four trajectory groups were identified using a semi‐parametric, group‐based model: sporadic offenders, low‐rate desisters, moderate‐rate desisters and high‐rate persisters. Analyses show that high‐rate persisters engage in crime at a very substantial rate, even after age 50. Compared to other trajectory groups the high‐rate persistent trajectory group disproportionately engages in property crimes rather than violent crimes. Also, these distinct trajectories are found to be remarkably similar across age cohorts.     

合理应对严重刑事犯罪之政策设计——基于构建和谐社会的视野

在党和国家将构建社会主义和谐社会作为社会发展总体战略目标的时代背景下,我国应在这一基本国策的指引下合理设计应对严重刑事犯罪的刑事政策。具体来讲：首先,在政策目标设计上,应当确立超越于刑罚目的的政策目标;其次,在政策对象设计上,应将重点应对对象从传统的治安犯罪向职务犯罪、经济犯罪、严重有组织犯罪等拓展;最后,在政策手段设计上,应实现从“严惩”到“严控”的机制转换。     

犯罪主体视角下涉黑犯罪的特点、成因与对策

重庆系列涉黑案表明，涉黑类犯罪的参与主体大多是农民、无业人员、社会其他闲散人员和刑满释放人员。从犯罪原因来看，这一现象的出现并非偶然，它是当前经济体制的转轨、犯罪亚文化的影响、社会对某些方面的控制弱化、社会部分成员思想、价值追求和心理的变化以及反黑配套法律的缺陷等因素共同作用的结果。为了从根本上惩治和预防此类人员实施涉黑违法犯罪，达到长效治理的目的，不是单纯地依靠刑事法律就能解决的。要彻底扫除这种犯罪，必须针对其犯罪特征，找出犯罪原因以对症下药。就参与犯罪的主体来看，要真正根除这种些人犯罪的可能性，迫切需要大力传播优良文化，引导此类人员树立正确的人生观和价值观、完善相关法律制度等。