Expanding forensic science through forensic intelligence

Research and Development (‘R&D’) in forensic science currently focuses on innovative technologies improving the efficiency of existing forensic processes, from the detection of marks and traces at the scene, to their presentation in Court. R&D approached from this perspective provides no response to doubts raised by recent criminological studies, which question the effective contribution of forensic science to crime reduction, and to policing in general.Traces (i.e. forensic case data), as remnants of criminal activity are collected and used in various forms of crime monitoring and investigation. The aforementioned doubts therefore need to be addressed by expressing how information is conveyed by traces in these processes. Modelling from this standpoint expands the scope of forensic science and provides new R&D opportunities. Twelve propositions for R&D are stated in order to pave the way.     

物证鉴定的能力验证

能力验证是物证鉴定质量保障体系的重要组成部分,可以非常有效的评估、监控和提高实验室物证鉴定能力和质量。本文论述了物证鉴定能力验证的主要方法、形式、类型和特点,以及在物证鉴定实验室质量管理中的具体应用,介绍了国外物证鉴定实验室参加能力验证活动的历史和现状,并提出在我国物证鉴定实验室广泛开展能力验证活动的思考。     

Decision analysis in forensic science

Forensic scientists are routinely faced with the problems of making decisions under circumstances of uncertainty (i.e., to perform or not perform a test). A decision making model in forensic science is proposed, illustrated with an example from the field of forensic genetics. The approach incorporates available evidence and associated uncertainties with the assessment of utilities (or desirability of the consequences). The paper examines a general example for which identification will be made of the decision maker, the possible actions, the uncertain states of nature, the possible source of evidence and the kind of utility assessments required. It is argued that a formal approach can help to clarify the decision process and give a coherent means of combining elements to reach a decision.     

法庭鉴定中的新型催眠药

本文对近年来出现了涉及非苯二氮卓类催眠药和褪黑素等新型催眠药的性质及国内外分析研究现状做一介绍，以供毒物分析学者参考。     

DNA typing and forensic science

With new typing techniques forensic scientists can characterise individuals at the fundamental level of their DNA. Variation between individuals at this level can be used to discriminate between them. Why this is so and how it is achieved is described in relatively simple terms for legal and medical practitioners who have no formal training in genetics.     

虚拟解剖技术在法医学中的应用

虚拟解剖是一种非侵入性的新型“解剖”技术,它利用影像学技术构建人体器官组织的三维立体图像,为判断死亡原因和死亡方式提供线索。由于这一技术具有无侵入性、客观、准确的特点,目前已成为发达国家法医病理学的研究热点。本文对虚拟解剖技术的原理、优缺点、研究进展及在我国开展研究应用的可行性进行综述。     

The impact of Māori cultural values on forensic science practice in New Zealand

Forensic science aims to serve society by advancing justice. It is accepted that some actions taken by the state in the interests of advancing justice, such as postmortem examinations, may impinge on values held by members of groups within society. Such actions have the potential to cause cultural offense. It is important that forensic scientists are aware of these issues and that as a profession we should take actions, where possible, to reduce any potential offense and consequently reduce unnecessary distress. This paper examines the impact of these issues on forensic practice in New Zealand, and, in particular, in relation to the cultural values of Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. Interviews and workshops were used to identify forensic practices involving a risk of cultural offense. Particular issues were identified in regard to crime scene attendance and examination, postmortem attendance and sample storage, disposal, and return. This paper describes the response developed by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR) to address these issues, including a cultural awareness training package and reference brochure.     

重庆地区汉族群体Amelogenin及9个STR基因座的群体遗传学调查

对重庆地区汉族群体200例无关个体进行Amelogenin及9个STR基因座群体遗传学调查,并对人血液（痕）、精斑、组织、染色的细胞涂片、毛发、牙齿及骨骼组织进行基因型测定,并用于法科学检查。采用Chelex或酚-氯仿提取DNA荧光标记复合扩增法对Amelogenin及9个STR基因座,即D3S1358、VWA、FGA、TH01．TPOX、CSF1PO、DSS818、D135317、D75820进行复合扩增,扩增产物由毛细管电泳进行分离和荧光检测。9个STR基因座分别发现6、7、17、7、5、8、7、7、7个等位基因,其最高的基因频率分别是0．3900、0．2480、0．1650、0．5380、0．5280、0．4500、0．3140、0．3150、0．4000。发现的基因型数分别是16、25、71、20、12、22、26、22、26个。基因型频率均符合Hardy－Weinberg平衡,未发现基因连锁。9个STR基因座的DP值分别是0．8610、0．9220、0．9750、0．8020、0．7730、0．8780、0．9210、0．9140、0．8990,累计DP值是0．9999;非父排除率分别是0．5990、0．5450、0．7650、0．2950、0．3620、0．4520、0．6840、0．6660、0．5180,累积非父排除率是0．9995;杂合度分别是0．8000、0．7700、0．8850、0．6030、0．6550、0．7150、0．8440、0．8350、0．7550,累积杂合度是0．9999。证明这些基因座均适用于重庆