伤病共存脑动脉瘤破裂死亡4例法医学分析

脑动脉瘤（cerebral aneurysm,CA）是一种先天或后天性脑动脉壁局部异常膨出,膨出处较薄弱,可因自发或外力诱发而发生破裂。由于死者生前一般无特异性临床表现,死亡过程急速,故成为法医学鉴定难点。本文通过分析4例伤病共存的脑动脉瘤破裂死亡的尸检报告,结合文献探讨脑动脉瘤病理特点、外伤的参与度及法医学鉴定注意事项等问题。     

抗生素过敏致人死亡1例

临床抗生素中毒和致死的情况,主要是抗生素过量使用或者患者本身体质特别敏感而引发的。本文以一起非法行医案为例,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法对抗生素引起的疑似过敏性死亡病例中林可霉素、头孢曲松和地塞米松成分进行检测分析。结合案件勘查情况、尸体解剖、病理学检验及毒物检验的结果,证实死者死于抗生素过敏反应。本结果填补了液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人体血浆中林可霉素、头孢曲松和地塞米松的空白,填充了因抗生素过敏致死的数据量,归纳了抗生素过敏致死的法医学指征及检验,可为抗生素过敏和死亡病例的临床和法医学鉴定提供方法和数据参考。     

含甲醇假酒中毒致死的法医毒物分析9例

用工业酒精或直接用甲醇对水勾兑成假酒，冒充白酒流入市场而引起严重中毒甚至致死的事件时有发生。笔者曾检验了87例因饮用假酒而中毒和9例致死的案件，调查甲醇中毒者及死者生前中毒症状及尸体解剖所见，分析了中毒者血液、死者血液、尿液及玻璃体液的甲醇含量，并对其进行综合分析，以探讨鉴定这类案件时的要点。材料与方法1．检材来源本组案例均为男性，年龄25～50岁。假酒来源大多是私人酒坊用工业酒精或甲醇勾兑成的散装白酒，也有包装精美的瓶装白酒。2．对饮用假酒的中毒者和死者生前中毒症状、中毒环境和尸检所见进行回顾性调查。3…     

死后尸体CT在法医学鉴定中的应用价值初探

目的 对不同类型案件中的死者进行死后尸体CT扫描和常规尸体解剖,探索PMCT在法医学鉴定中的应用价值.方法 对7例因不同原因死亡的个体进行全身PMCT扫描,随后进行系统的尸体解剖,通过比较两种方法检测的结果,分析PMCT与传统尸体解剖在不同类型案件中应用的优点和不足.结果 在7个案例中,尸体上总共检出67处阳性发现.其...     

美国《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》介绍

由美国法医协会（National Association of Medical Examiners,NAME）标准委员会起草的《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》（Forensic Autopsy Performance Standards）于2005年颁布,该标准的主要目的是规定法医学尸体解剖应该完成的基本内容,包括：法医死亡调查的职责及其案件类型、需要法医尸检的案件类型及参加法医尸检的人员、个体识别、尸表检验的一般检查和特殊检查（各类损伤,性侵犯）、尸体解剖、     

非法行医政人死亡案例特点及法医学鉴定

非法行医一直是我国卫生行政部门以及公安机关严厉打击的违法犯罪行为,但目前非法行医仍不少见,并时常有致人死亡的案件发生。本文收集我系十多年来经检验鉴定的２０例非法行医致人死亡的案例,总结分析其死因和特点,并探讨这类案件的法医学检验和鉴定。１材料和方法收集我系１９８５～２０００年受委托检验鉴定的非法行医致人死亡的案件２０例。死者尸体经系统的病理解剖和组织学检验,并进行相关的毒物分析和药品检验。将这些材料按性别、年龄、生前疾病、诊治措施、死亡原因及寻求非法行医者诊治的原因进行分类整理,并加以总结分析。…     

外伤为诱因致死的尸体分析4例

近些年来,因死亡引起的民事纠纷案例呈逐年上升趋势,更为突出的是外伤作为诱因引发的死亡案例逐渐增多,而仅凭尸表检验不易发现和证实死者潜在性疾病的存在,如不经全面、详细的尸体解剖就会疏漏,甚至会做出不准确乃至错误的死因结论.笔者收集4例这类案件,并对其进行分析,以探讨鉴定这类案件的要点.     

PMCT在交通事故死亡鉴定中应用2例

<正>虚拟解剖技术作为传统尸检的重要辅助手段，以其无创性、精确性、高效性等独特优势，在法医学死因鉴定中，发挥着越来越重要的作用^[1–3]。因交通事故导致死亡的案件通过尸体解剖检验可明确死因，但实践中因多种原因导致交通事故死亡案件的尸体解剖率并不高，虚拟解剖技术的快速发展为交通事故死亡案件的鉴定提供了一种无创便捷的辅助或者替代手段。本文通过介绍2例因交通事故导致死亡后经死后尸体CT(Postmortem Computed Tomography,PMCT)确定死因的案例，探讨了虚拟解剖技术在道路交通事故死亡案件中的应用价值。     

56例CO中毒死亡案例的法医学分析

正作者对所在地区2010年至2015年发生的CO中毒死亡,且经过现场勘查和尸体解剖检验的56例资料进行回顾性分析,以期为相关案件的法医学鉴定提供参考。1案例资料1.1一般资料56例均经过现场勘查及尸体解剖、毒物化验确认系CO中毒死亡,其中意外事故54例,自杀2例;男性47例,女性9例;18岁以下1例,18~40岁38例,40~60岁3例,60岁以上14例:农民37例,学生2     

1例五四式手枪伤人的法医学鉴定及实验研究

五四式手枪伤人案件的法医学鉴定通常较为顺利，但在一些特殊情况下，其射入口和射击距离也引起法医学上的讨论。现将1例五四式手枪致人死亡案例的鉴定过程及所做的相应实验报告如下：案情一司法警察团公务与一群村民发生冲突时击发五四式手枪，致一人死亡。当地法医第2天对死者进行尸表及局部解剖检验认为：死者左臀部创口为射入口；左下腹部创口为射出口，创口周围的点状表皮剥脱为昆虫叮咬所致；射击距离为50cm以远。与调查情况出入较大，遂报上级法医复核鉴定，第3天进行复核检验。复核检验情况：枪击现场为一开阔的土坡上，已遭严重破…     

新生儿呼吸系统疾病死亡的法医病理学分析

目的分析和探讨呼吸系统疾病引起新生儿死亡的病理学特点,为法医学死亡原因鉴定和相关医疗纠纷鉴定提供科学依据。方法回顾性总结分析1993～2008年16年间攀枝花市公安局尸检档案中85例新生儿死亡案例。结果呼吸系统疾病是引起新生儿死亡的首要因素（共56例,占65.88%）,其中新生儿吸入性肺炎20例（23.53%）、新生儿感染性肺炎14例（16.47%）、新生儿窒息12例（14.12%）、新生儿肺透明膜病6例（7.59%）、新生儿肺出血4例（4.71%）。结论新生儿尸检应重视呼吸系统的检查,根据新生儿发病特点和肺部病理变化明确临床诊断和死亡原因。     

142例过敏性休克死亡法医病理学分析

目的 探讨过敏性休克死亡案例的特点.方法 对142例过敏性休克死亡案例进行回顾性分析,并对过敏性休克死亡案例与62例非过敏性休克死亡案例的血清IgE水平进行统计分析.结果 过敏性休克死亡大多发生于医疗机构,占77.46％.采用单纯静脉给药方式致过敏性休克死亡案例占53.53％.β-内酰胺类抗生素、糖皮质激素类药物、中药制剂在过敏性休克死亡案例生前治疗药物中占有重要比例.过敏性休克死亡案例多无特异性组织病理学改变,与非过敏性休克死亡组的血清IgE水平的差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 过敏性休克死亡案例死因鉴定应根据案情、解剖检验结果及血清IgE水平等检测指标进行综合分析判定.     

Sudden death due to cerebral leukemic hemorrhage occurring after acupuncture treatment for gingival bleeding

A 45-year-old woman who experienced stomalgia and gingival bleeding for several days died unexpectedly after acupuncture treatment. At autopsy, trivial injuries on the liver and the stomach and mild hemoperitoneum due to improper acupuncture were found. Also,acute lymphoblastic leukemia and hyperleukocytosis were diagnosed by postmortem examinations. Intracranial hemorrhage due to undiagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia was identified as the cause of death.Moreover, the relationship between therapeutic misadventure and death was also determined. We suggest that undiagnosed leukemia should be considered as a differential diagnosis when sudden death occurs owing to intracranial hemorrhage. If therapeutic misadventure was involved,it is also of great importance to assess the relationship between that and death in forensic expertise.     

Mechanical airway obstruction caused by accidental aspiration of part of a ballpoint pen

The authors present three cases of death in children aged 4, 9, and 10 years, respectively, that were first thought to be caused by herbal or other poisonings but at autopsy were found to be caused by airway obstruction from aspiration of ballpoint pen parts. Aspiration of a foreign body is a leading cause of accidental death in children, but the circumstances in these cases were unique. In the first case, a 4-year-old child died shortly after a visit to a traditional healer. The child's mother blamed him for the death and fatally assaulted him. The second case was a 9-year-old who died at school. Case 3 was a 10-year-old who collapsed while playing with a ballpoint pen in her mouth. In the latter two cases, the relatives alleged poisoning. At autopsy, there was no evidence of trauma, disease, or poisoning in all three cases. Ballpoint pen parts were present in the larynx, carina, and left main bronchus, respectively. Features of "asphyxial" death were present, and included subconjunctival hemorrhages, subendocardial hemorrhages, and congestion of the face and internal organs. These deaths are preventable by education of children, parents, and teachers. Ballpoint pen manufacturers should also modify the design of these pens to improve their safety.     

多层螺旋CT冠状动脉钙化积分在评价冠心病猝死中的应用

目的通过运用多层螺旋CT（multi—slicespiralcomputedtomography,MSCT）冠状动脉钙化积分（coronaryarterycalciumscoring．CACS）的方法．评价其在冠心痛（coronaryarterydisease,CAD）猝死案例中的法医学应用价值,为虚拟解剖鉴定CAD猝死探索有效手段。方法收集9例进行法医学鉴定的心源性猝死案例．尸体解剖前均进行MSCT扫描。通过Agatston’s法对每例冠状动脉钙化程度进行定量分析,并计算CACS,钙化积分〉400作为存在CAD的评判标准,并与尸体解剖结果比较。结果经尸体解剖证实CAD猝死的9例案例中仅有2例钙化积分〉400,CACS对CAD的预测率仅为22．2％。MSCT检查与系统尸体解剖均发现CAD猝死案例中普遍存在不同程度肺水肿改变,冠状动脉左前降支较其他分支发生管腔狭窄的发病率高。结论运用MSCT并结合计算CACS可对CAD猝死案例中冠状动脉钙化明显的进行检测,而钙化不明显的需要辅以如尸体血管造影等其他技术。     

Comparison of the clinical and post mortem diagnoses of the causes of death

The fast moving progress in medical technology causes someone to ask if the progress is not only in diagnostic abilities but also in diagnostic precision. Despite the improved quality of diagnostic technology, the frequency of misdiagnosis has not decreased appreciably. The goal of autopsy is not only to uncover clinicians mistakes or judge them but rather to instruct clinicians to learn by their own mistakes.We reviewed the autopsy records from the Archive of the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Ljubljana of 1792 deceased persons in 1997 and 1998 and compared the clinical and post mortem diagnoses. We eliminated from study all autopsies performed on deceased persons not admitted to the Clinical Medical Centre. From the remaining 911 autopsy reports we compared the post mortem diagnoses with the clinical diagnoses. We classified findings into five groups according to the level of agreement between the clinical and the post mortem diagnoses. Group 1 included cases of complete agreement between clinical and post mortem diagnoses. Group 2 cases of disagreement about the basic illness, group 3 cases of partial disagreement about the direct causes of death, group 4 cases of total disagreement between the clinical diagnosis and the post mortem, named, also misdiagnosis and group 5 clinical diagnosis which could not be calssified.The diagnoses were in total agreement in 49.30% of cases, in partial agreement (disagreement about direct causes of death) in 20.68% and in disagreement about the basic illness in 6.87%. The diagnoses were in total disagreement in 9.87%. 13.30% of cases were not possible to classify owing to incomplete death certificates or reports of the causes of death.     

Amount of postmortem bleeding: an experimental autopsy study

An experimental autopsy study was performed on 64 cases (55 male, 9 female; average age 51.5 +/- 16.2 years) of sudden natural (38 cases) and asphyxic deaths (26 cases). The study objective was the amount of postmortem bleeding from postmortem cutting of the thoracic aorta, related to the time since death. The amount of postmortem bleeding ranged from 100 to 1300 cm, 440.6 +/- 268.1 cm on average. The time since death up to the autopsy time ranged from 4 to 72 hours, 19.4 +/- 12.9 in average. A statistically significant correlation between the amount of postmortem bleeding and postmortem time interval was stated: Pearson correlation test value r = -0.461 (P = 0.000): the shorter the time interval, the larger the amount of bleeding. The formula of linear regression was estimated according to this correlation: amount of postmortem bleeding (cm) = -9.571 x time since death (h) + 626.659. This proves that the amount of postmortem bleeding (eg, from aortic blunt rupture) could be about 620 cm.     

孕产妇死亡医疗纠纷案法医病理研究

目的探讨孕产妇死亡医疗纠纷案的特点、主要死因及其防范对策。方法采用回顾性研究的方法,对我室1985年至2003年12月的法医尸体解剖案例资料进行统计,并对其中存在医疗纠纷的孕产妇死亡案例进行分析。结果31例存在医疗纠纷的死亡孕产妇法医尸检案例中:(1)围产期死亡26例(83.9%),妊娠早期人工流产后死亡5例(16.1%);(2)产科出血引起的失血性休克死亡22例(71.0%),羊水栓塞死亡5例(16.1%),其它原因死亡4例(12.9%);(3)乡镇医疗机构17例(54.8%),地县级医院占7例(23.6%),市级医院占4例(12.9%),其他占3例(9.7%);(4)纠纷产生的原因中疑为误治14例(45.2%),误诊的9例(29.0%),抢救不及时的7例(22.6%),其他1例(3.2%)。结论孕产妇死亡医疗纠纷案主要发生在围产期,其次是妊娠早期;产科出血是导致孕产妇死亡的最主要因素之一;乡镇及县级医疗机构易引起纠纷;引起纠纷的主要原因是误诊、误治和抢救不及时。     

Morphological damage to the central nervous system (CNS) following open heart surgery

We investigated 40 patients who had died following open heart surgery between January 1990 and May 1992. Between this time, 703 open heart procedures were carried out at the University Medical School of Debrecen, 2nd Department of Surgery's Cardiac Surgery Unit with a mortality rate of 8.3%. We studied each individual's clinical records, autopsy findings, and histology of defined portions of brain tissue. Clinical information used were: sex, age, clinical stage (according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification) at time of surgery, type of procedure performed, and duration of time of extracorporeal circulation. Autopsy records collected and studied focused on the macroscopic and microscopic alterations in the CNS. The most common morphological findings in the CNS for the 40 studies cases were, cerebral edema in all cases, reactive microgliosis and nuclear pyknosis in most cases, and in a minority of the cases focal microscopic hemorrhage or focal microscopic white emolition. Also found were, destructive brain hemorrhage and global cerebral necrosis. Of the 40 cases studied there was only one case in which brain death was diagnosed perioperatively, and which was clinically diagnosed to be caused by global cerebral hypoxia.     

Detection of hemorrhage source: The diagnostic value of post-mortem CT-angiography

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of post-mortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA) to conventional, ante-mortem computed tomography (CT)-scan, CT-angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the detection and localization of the source of bleeding in cases of acute hemorrhage with fatal outcomes. The medical records and imaging scans of nine individuals who underwent a conventional, ante-mortem CT-scan, CTA or DSA and later died in the hospital as a result of an acute hemorrhage were reviewed. Post-mortem computed tomography angiography, using multi-phase post-mortem CTA, as well as medico-legal autopsies were performed. Localization accuracy of the bleeding was assessed by comparing the diagnostic findings of the different techniques. The results revealed that data from ante-mortem and post-mortem radiological examinations were similar, though the PMCTA showed a higher sensitivity for detecting the hemorrhage source than did ante-mortem radiological investigations. By comparing the results of PMCTA and conventional autopsy, much higher sensitivity was noted in PMCTA in identifying the source of the bleeding. In fact, the vessels involved were identified in eight out of nine cases using PMCTA and only in three cases through conventional autopsy. Our study showed that PMCTA, similar to clinical radiological investigations, is able to precisely identify lesions of arterial and/or venous vessels and thus determine the source of bleeding in cases of acute hemorrhages with fatal outcomes.