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On 7 December 2001, the Naz Foundation India Trust filed a petition with the Delhi High Court alleging that the prohibitions on sodomy in Indian law are unconstitutional.  相似文献   

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On 5 July 2002, South African treatment activists won a significant victory when the Constitutional Court ordered the South African government to make the antiretroviral drug nevirapine available in public hospitals and clinics for the purposes of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The Court also ruled the government has a constitutional obligation to implement a program to realize the right of pregnant women and their newborn children to access health services to prevent transmission.  相似文献   

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Customary law is often criticized for being in conflict with human rights norms, mainly on the grounds that it tends not to emphasize gender equality and discriminate against women. Although customary law has not in the past emphasized equality between men and women, it cannot be regarded as completely in conflict with human rights1. As already stated, one of the principles of human rights is equality between the sexes. Customary law has the same aim as human rights, which is the protection of human dignity2. The conflict may be largely caused by the fact that, ideologically, African customary law is communal or socialist in approach, whereas human rights are based on the premise that a person has rights by virtue of his or her being an individual human being. Now that we in South Africa have a bill of rights and yet we will still have customary law, the question has been and is still being posed whether customary law is not in conflict with universal human rights. The reason for this is that one of the values that underpin our Constitution is equality.3 Customary law on the other hand does not insist on complete equality in every respect. In particular section 9 of the 1996 Constitution provides for equality before the law and for equal protection and benefit of the law, which entails the full and equal enjoyment of all the rights and freedoms. It further proscribes unfair discrimination based on the listed grounds although it allows steps to promote or advance people or categories of persons who have been disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.  相似文献   

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In January 2002, the Ontario Court of Appeal denied a claim by a Toronto man living with HIV/AIDS that Canada's laws prohibiting marijuana possession and cultivation infringe his constitutional rights to liberty and security of the person.  相似文献   

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On 6 February 2001, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice dismissed a constitutional challenge by Jim Wakeford, a Toronto man with HIV/AIDS and an advocate for access to medical marijuana, to the sections of the Criminal Code that outlaw assisted suicide in Canada.  相似文献   

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法院与民主之间的矛盾是实行宪政审查制度的国家面临的共同问题,本文从三个方面阐述矛盾的存在:对议会立法进行审查的必要性,由独立的司法性质的机构——法院作为审查主体的正当性和宪政审查实践中存在的法院与民主之间的紧张关系;从比较法的角度对解决矛盾的方式——修宪和法院的自我约束进行了评析,以期对我国的宪政建设有所帮助。  相似文献   

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In this second part of a two-part article some issues and challenges of education law in South Africa are discussed. With reference to recent case law it is shown that an educational jurisprudence is developing, after which the issues of academic freedom and the autonomy of universities are analysed within the framework of the Constitution and other legislation affecting universities. The constitutional distribution of powers between the national and provincial governments, and the effect on education of the fact that both spheres of government have legislative powers over education, are discussed at some length. The view is taken that outstanding issues in this regard may have to be clarified by the intervention of the courts. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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