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Organizational change and development is one of the cornerstones of successful crime prevention and intervention efforts, yet it has received little empirical attention in the areas of crime and justice. This lack of empirical attention extends to the national Comprehensive Gang Model, which explicitly states that organizational change and development is a key strategy. Borrowing concepts from the management field, the authors argue that the Comprehensive Gang Model should be reconceptualized so that organizational change and development is the foundation upon which other strategies are built. Application of this re-specified model is demonstrated through a case study in central Massachusetts utilizing learning communities as a vehicle to obtain sustainable change. Assessment of the organizational change and development is also discussed. 相似文献
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Scott H. Decker David C. Pyrooz Gary Sweeten Richard K. Moule Jr. 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2014,30(4):577-598
Objective
The study of gang members is closely linked to the self-nomination method. It is timely to revisit the criterion validity of self-nomination, as recent theoretical and empirical advancements in gang disengagement necessitate further differentiating current from former gang members. This study assessed differences in gang embeddedness—a construct that taps individual immersion within deviant social networks—across three groups: current gang members, former gang members, and those individuals who have never joined a gang.Methods
Data gathered in 2011 from a high-risk sample of 621 individuals in five cities were used to assess the validity of the self-nomination method. Standardized differences in a mixed graded response model of gang embeddedness were evaluated across the three statuses of gang membership.Results
Self-nomination was strongly related to embeddedness in gangs, even after controlling for demographic, theoretical, and gang-related factors. The strongest predictor of gang embeddedness was self-nomination as a current or a former gang member, although current gang members maintained levels of gang embeddedness about one standard deviation greater than former gang members. Self-nomination was also the primary determinant of gang embeddedness for males, females, whites, blacks, and Hispanics.Conclusion
The results of this study provide strong evidence in support of the use of self-nomination to differentiate between non-gang and gang members as well as current and former gang members, adding to a body of research demonstrating that self-nomination is a valid measure of gang membership. 相似文献4.
《Women & Criminal Justice》2013,23(2-3):79-100
Abstract Although an extensive amount of research in the last decade has focused on juvenile gangs and the consequences of gang involvement, there has been considerable debate in the literature concerning both the conceptualization and the operationalization of the term gang membership. This research examines the extent to which the operationalization of gang membership impacts prevalence rates of both gang membership and delinquent involvement and whether this varies by gender. The findings suggest that the type of operationalization utilized by the researcher does impact both the prevalence rates of gang membership and delinquent involvement. Further, this impact varies by gender. An unrestricted definition of gang membership compared to more restrictive definitions yields conflicting findings with regard to the impact of gender on gang membership. Whereas the unrestricted measure of gang membership yielded significant gender differences, the more restrictive measure of organized gang membership produced no significant gender differences. The findings indicate the need to further address the issue of operationalization in our empirical studies of gang membership and to be sensitive to the potential impact this may have on gender differences reported by researchers. 相似文献
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Critical Criminology - Through an analysis of interviews with Southern California attorneys, supplemented by archival materials, this article contributes to the literature on gangs, critical... 相似文献
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Social Network Position of Gang Members in Schools: Implications for Recruitment and Gang Prevention
Schools are venues in which gang and non-gang involved youth converge. It is therefore a likely venue for gang recruitment. The extent to which this occurs depends upon the ability of gang members to connect with non-gang members. In this study, we compare the social network positions of high social status gang members who are well integrated into school networks with low status members who are not. Using network data from the Add Health study (n = 1,822), we find that not only are high status gang members strongly embedded within school networks, but that this status is driven by their ability to connect with non-gang members rather than other gang members (indicated by the high number of friendship nominations they receive from non-gang members). These gang members are potentially in optimal positions to influence others to join gangs. The implications of these results for school-based gang prevention programs are discussed. 相似文献
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Critical Criminology - In the following essay, I describe how one of the most cited but least analyzed texts in gang studies, Frederic Thrasher's The Gang (1927), has informed my approach to... 相似文献
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Drawing on data from surveys and interviews administered to non-police gang experts, the authors argue that police gang detectives
are often erroneous in their definition of gang membership and gang-related crime. Police gang experts often mistake signs
of urban youth culture for gang membership and criminal conspiracy. Evidence is presented on the ways in which knowledge about
gangs is often determined by the social position of the gang expert. Former gang members and community workers may demonstrate
a more nuanced and accurate knowledge of gangs than gang detectives. We see the admission of non-police gang expert testimony
to the courtroom as a viable way of countering social perceptions that view aspects of gang membership and racial membership
interchangeably and possibly help counter disproportionate prison sentences bestowed upon black and Latino youth. 相似文献
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Tony Cheng 《Law & society review》2017,51(1):42-69
Who do violence preventers target to achieve violence prevention? This fundamental question of selection is typically associated with law enforcement, yet gang labeling is critical in another context: nonprofit violence prevention. Eighteen months of fieldwork in a gang outreach organization find that (a) workers operationalize gang violence prevention as social service provision, but (b) services are only offered to those deemed “ready” for life changes. Readiness is an unwritten eligibility criteria leveraged as a rhetorical tool to focus recruitment on clients who demonstrate complicity. It is reaffirmed through external pressures to document program effectiveness; organizational‐level concerns for efficient resource allocation; the subpopulation of clients who actually want services; and workers’ own fears of “getting played”—losing face from free‐riding clients interested in street worker perks, but not formal services. While core gang members may be most at‐risk, their very centrality may deter, rather than justify, providing them services. 相似文献
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The varying attention criminologists have paid to youth gangs over the past several decades cannot be explained completely by the actual seriousness of gang delinquency and its extent relative to other kinds of delinquency. In order to explain this changing focus of attention by delinquency researchers, this article explores the interrelationships among four types of factors: social and political conditions, ideology, current sociological theory, and available methods. We focus on ideology and methodology, and argue that when ideology is largely centrist, such as during the 1950s and 1960s, theory would most likely be interactionist or subcultural and gangs would likely be of interest. During periods of greater ideological polarization, such as the late 1960s, however, we would expect to find more theoretical and empirical concern with either the individual or with social and economic structure and little interest in gangs. 相似文献
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黑社会性质组织犯罪的本质特征是具有稳定的组织结构与组织性的表现形式内在化;具有固定的犯罪活动据点,并具 有向合法经济渗透迹象或具体行为;以暴力手段为一切犯罪行为的基本保障;编织关系网,获取信息,寻求保护,注重反侦查。 相似文献
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政府治理模式变迁:理论范式和实践绩效 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
自工业社会以来,从政府结构和治理方式选择的角度,大致可以把政府的治理模式划分为两种,一种是传统的政府治理模式,另一种是最近20余年新兴起的政府治理模式。有关传统的政府治理模式的研究,已经形成了具有共识性的理论解释,但对于新的政府治理模式,则出现了不同的解释范式,而在实践中,新的政府治理模式也在试行之中。 相似文献
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