Size doesn't matter: emotional content does not determine the size of objects in children's drawings

Abstract

In Experiment 1 we examined whether children spontaneously alter the size of objects in their drawings of emotionally-laden events. To do this, we evaluated children's drawings of their own personal, past experiences. Children were asked to draw a picture of an event that had made them happy and an event that had made them sad. We found no differences in the size of object that children drew in their positive and negative emotional events. In Experiment 2, we asked adults with and without clinical training to discriminate children's drawings of happy events from their drawings of sad events. There was no difference in the accuracy of raters as a function of clinical expertise. Moreover, performance for both groups was at chance when we removed drawings with specific emotional indicators from the set (e.g. smiles or tears). We conclude that the emotional interpretation of drawings on the basis of the size of objects in that drawing is fraught with difficulty. We question the projective use of drawings in forensic and clinical practice.     

Identification of human figure drawings through questioned document examination techniques

Two cases were submitted for questioned document examination involving human figure drawings. As there was little information on ‘artist’ identification in the questioned document examination literature, a sample of 107 individuals was selected to participate in a study. The respondents were requested to draw two cartoons, one naturally and one disguised, in order to determine if standard questioned document examination methods could be employed to identify the ‘artists’. The findings indicated that ‘artists’ of human figure drawings could be identified using standard handwriting identification techniques.     

Improving Children’s Interviewing Methods? The Effects of Drawing and Practice on Children’s Memories for an Event

In the present experiment, we were interested in the effects of drawings and practice on children’s memory performance. Younger (6/7-year-olds; n = 37) and older (11/12-year-olds; n = 44) children were presented with two videos that differed in complexity. Half of the children had to practice recalling an experienced event (i.e., last holiday) before remembering the two videos. The other half was not presented with such practice. Then, all children had to tell what they could still recollect about the first video. For the second video, all children were allowed to draw and tell during the recollection of the event. As expected, we found that for the complex video, making a drawing increased the completeness of children’s statements, but also reduced the accuracy of their statements. Although we found that including practice reduced the completeness of statements, it did not negatively impact the accuracy of children’s memory reports. Taken together, our results imply that interviewers should be cautious in using drawings as an interviewing method as it might elevate the production of incorrect information.     

论异形转换是否构成复制——以“平面到立体”为视角

1991年的旧著作权法规定：“按照工程设计、产品设计图纸及其说明进行施工、生产工业品，不属于本法所称的复制。”而2001修正后的新著作权法则删除了此规定，从新法条文的表面文义看，复制是否扩展到“平面到立体”，并不十分明确，因而引发较大的争议。以两则案例为切入点，就上述问题从法律条文、海外经验、法理等方面进行论证分析，由此得出：对于“平面到立体”是否属于著作权法意义上的复制问题，不能一概而论，要视具体的著作权客体而定，可把著作分为两大类，一为美术作品，如绘画、书法、照片等；二为图形作品，如电路图、产品设计图纸等科技或工程设计图。在进行立体转换时，前者可认定构成著作权法意义上的复制，而后者则不构成。     

动物画作的著作权研究——以实证主义为视角

动物的画作在实践中被展览、拍卖,涉及到诸多权利义务关系,需要法律来确认和调整。动物是否可以成为法律主体,长久以来存在激烈的争论。但是,为了满足社会的发展需求,及时处理新问题,我们可以确认动物在著作权法中的主体地位。采取类似无民事行为能力人的模式,赋予主人一定的法定代理权。     

The Intellectual and Cultural Dimensions of International Relations: Present Ironies and Future Possibilities

Reported is a study that focused on the Millennial Generation and potential differences in viewing an exhibition in person versus online. The exhibition featured the artwork of Paul-Henri Bourguignon, whose extensive body of work includes a variety of paintings and drawings that employ a wide range of styles. Some viewers traveled to the physical space of a museum gallery, while others viewed reproductions of the same works on the Internet. Informants engaged in reflexive self-interviews using Dervin's Sense-Making Methodology. The authors compare viewers’ responses to works experienced in person versus online and discuss implications.     

论征地补偿费分配的反思与重构

我国征地补偿费分配纠纷数量不断上升，涉及人数众多，矛盾尖锐。征地补偿费分配纠纷的症结在于分配范围不清，分配对象不明和分配方案不公。我国应当拓宽补偿范围，完善补偿费发放制度，明确集体所有权人，确立集体成员的识别标准，设定最高留存比例，健全村民自治，从而确保征地补偿费公正、有序、合理的分配，以构建和谐、稳定的社会主义新农村。     

Microcrystalline identification of drugs of abuse: the psychedelic amphetamines

The optical crystallographic or microcrystalline properties of the diliturate derivatives (5-nitrobarbituric acid) of the most used psychedelic amphetamine drugs have been determined. The crystallographic properties, especially the orthographic projection drawings and photomicrography of the crystals and other optical crystallographic data, such as the indices of refraction, extinction angles, and optical orientations serve to characterize and identify this group of drug chemicals. These data can be used with ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS) data for the identification and confirmation of psychedelic amphetamine drugs.     

论邪教犯罪对公民私法益的侵害与刑事立法

邪教犯罪不是一般的有组织犯罪,而是对社会危害特别严重的有组织犯罪,它不仅侵害了刑法法益中的国家和社会的公法益,而且,严重地侵害了公民的私法益,即严重地侵犯了公民的人身权和财产权。面对邪教犯罪的侵害,我国刑法典突出了对国家、社会公法益和公民私法益的保护,即着重保护国家法律、法规的实施、社会秩序的正常和公民的人身权、财产权安全。但我国刑法的规定相当不完善,其主要缺陷是立法不系统、犯罪主体范围规定得过于狭窄,没有突出特别法与普通法的区别等,这些缺陷影响了我国对邪教犯罪的打击与控制。     

The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Examination of the Daegu Subway Disaster (2003, Korea)*

Abstract: Meticulous recovery of victims in the Daegu subway disaster was possible, because charred and fragmented victims were left in situ. Because bodies were piled one over another within the train, appropriate methodology during the recovery was critical to identifying the victims. The disaster area was thoroughly documented with notes, photographs, and schematic drawings of the various locations. The recovery team, comprising two medical examiners and one forensic anthropologist, decided when charred body parts and cremated bones were linked to the same individual based on the anatomy and forensic anthropological examination. Without these recovery procedures, it would not have been possible to efficiently harvest representative DNA sample from most of the victims’ body parts. After the entire process of identification, 136 victims were positively identified, and six victims remained unidentified. This study supports the crucial role of forensic anthropologists in the recovery of victims, especially in fire scenes.     

Omissions relevant to the contextual domains of technology transfer models

Ideographic representations (schematic drawings) are useful for analyzing and communicating complex ideas. They constitute simplified versions of the way multiple and diverse elements, concepts, and variables interact according to each author's conceptions, knowledge, and experience of planned change and change phenomena. Such representations depict a sense of order under a particular model configuration or system notion, involving contexts where action takes place and events occur. This paper is based on the commonality analysis of 46 models related to technology transfer. Within the framework of previously published research, complementary findings are presented here. The discussion is focused on the characteristics of the models' contexts, appealing to some technology transfer aspects widely omitted or neglected. It is suggested that the understanding of intervention contextual domains is important to formulate and implement better technology transfer models.     

Clothed and unclothed human figure drawings lead to more correct and incorrect reports of touch in children

Abstract

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of clothed and unclothed human figure drawings (HFDs) on children's reports of touch. Eighty 4/5-year-olds and 80 9/10-year-olds participated in a staged event in which measurements of their body parts (e.g. waistline) were taken. Specifically, they were touched on 10 different locations. Immediately or three weeks after the event, they had to report where they had been touched. Half of the children received a clothed HFD while the other half was provided with an unclothed HFD to assist children in their recall. When we compared children's recall before and after the presentation of a HFD, we found that clothed and unclothed HFDs significantly decreased the accuracy of children's reports of touch. So, although children reported more correct touches after the presentation of a HFD, they were also more likely to include more incorrect information in their reports of touch.     

Application of 3D Laser Scanner to Forensic Engineering

In the case of building collapses and overturned structures, a three‐dimensional (3D) collapse or overturn model is required to reconstruct the accident. As construction sites become increasingly complex and large, 3D laser scanning is sometimes the best tool to accurately document and store the site conditions. This case report presents one case of a structure collapse and one case of an overturned crane reconstructed by a 3D laser scanner. In the case of structural collapse of a prefabricated shoring system, a 3D model reconstructed all the members successfully, a task that is nearly impossible using a scale such as a tape measure. The reconstructed prefabricated shoring system was verified through a structural analysis through comparison with the construction drawings to investigate faults in construction. In the case of the overturned crane, the jib angle and other major dimensions were successfully acquired through 3D laser scanning and used to estimate the working radius. As a result, the propriety of the working radius with the given lifting load was successfully determined.     

An analytical framework on extension education for agricultural and rural development

Extension education approaches generally have been visualized from isolated perspectives ranging from philosophical foundations to practical applications. This paper provides a broad analytical framework to describe and examine different scopes, elements, knowledge fields, and change areas relevant to extension education for agricultural and rural development. For the purpose of a multi-model analysis, a sample of 46 ideographic representations (schematic drawings) on agricultural and rural development-related processes was reviewed using concept-mapping techniques to prepare a computerized database management system. The discussion is based on the commonality findings among models and groups of models. He studied veterinary medicine in the National University of Mexico (1970–1975), received his master degree in agriculture at the University of Florida in 1979, and his Ph.D. in extension and adult education at Cornell University in 1990. He has published two books, the last one (1987) entitled “Extensionismo para el Desarrollo Rural y de la Comunidad” (Extension for Rural and Community Development). He is a member of the National Researchers System of Mexico, and has over 10 years of experience in various extension activities.     

Coping with Interparental Verbal Conflict by Children Exposed to Spouse Abuse and Children from Nonviolent Homes

Children are distressed by parental conflict, but the influence of the conflict topic has rarely been studied, especially in relation to children's history of witnessing domestic conflict. Responses to three conflict topics (money, child-related, political candidate) were examined in two groups of 5 1/2-through 12-year-olds: 40 children who have witnessed spouse abuse and 72 children from nonviolent homes. Children listened to taped scenarios (with accompanying drawings) of two parents engaged in one friendly and three angry interactions. Children reported their feelings, intensity of feelings, and coping strategies. Children's emotional responses varied from sadness, to anger, to guilt depending on their age and the conflict topic. Primary control strategies for coping with family conflict (e.g., direct intervention) were favored for all. Boys from violent homes responded to certain simulated conflicts with more intense anger and sadness than other children. Results emphasized children's sensitivity to different conflict topics and advance understanding of relations between a history of witnessing spouse abuse and child outcomes.     

Outsmarting the Liars: The Benefit of Asking Unanticipated Questions

We hypothesised that the responses of pairs of liars would correspond less with each other than would responses of pairs of truth tellers, but only when the responses are given to unanticipated questions. Liars and truth tellers were interviewed individually about having had lunch together in a restaurant. The interviewer asked typical opening questions which we expected the liars to anticipate, followed by questions about spatial and/or temporal information which we expected suspects not to anticipate, and also a request to draw the layout of the restaurant. The results supported the hypothesis, and based on correspondence in responses to the unanticipated questions, up to 80% of liars and truth tellers could be correctly classified, particularly when assessing drawings.

Numerical density of delta-opioid receptor expressing neurons in the frontal cortex of drug-related fatalities

In animal experiment and in cell culture, chronic morphine treatment has been followed by a reduction as well as an increase of the delta-opioid receptor (OR) number. The present postmortem morphometric study of morphine-related fatalities of drug addicts (n=12, 22-35 years old, with blood unconjugated morphine levels from 27.1 to 407 ng/ml, m.v. 176.9 ng/ml) versus a non-addicted control group (n=13, 10-44 years old) is intended to examine whether chronic opiate exposure also affects the numerical density of deltaOR expressing neurons in the human neocortex (area 10 according to Brodmann (Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde (1909) Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig)). For the immunohistochemical procedure, vibratome sections (100 microm) were incubated with a monoclonal antibody against the deltaOR diluted 1:100, and immunoreactive sites were visualized using an immunoperoxidase protocol. The numerical densities of OR expressing and Nissl-stained neurons were assessed morphometrically (camera lucida drawings). In both collectives, the anti deltaOR immunoreactivity was predominantly localized in pyramidal neurons of layers (L) II/III and V as well as in round and ovoid neurons of L VI. In the drug-related fatalities, the density of neurons expressing deltaOR protein amounted for 2515+/-240/mm(3), in the control group for 2616+/-204/mm(3), thus displaying no statistically significant difference. These findings go along with the binding behavior of opioid ligands in postmortem brains of heroin addicts revealing similar receptor densities and affinities in the control subjects and addicts.     

海峡两岸冲突法反致制度立法初探——兼谈反致与两岸民商事法律冲突的解决

在海峡两岸的冲突法立法中,反致制度有着不同的表现形式与特点。我国台湾地区立法一直对反致持肯定的态度,规定接受当事人本国法的广义的反致,立法较为全面。但在涉及有关合同、国籍的消极冲突、区际冲突等问题的法律适用时是否采用反致尚存疑问,其反致制度不论在内容上还是立法技术上都有需要完善之处。祖国大陆现行立法对反致制度没有明确的规定,从《示范法》及《民法(草案)》的有关内容来看,主流观点不是一概地拒绝反致,表现出例外接受反致的立法倾向。反致有利于实现冲突法的价值取向,有利于解决海峡两岸特殊的区际法律冲突,祖国大陆应借鉴他人的立法经验,明确接受并建立自己科学、合理的反致制度。