Globalization: An Ascendant Paradigm?

International Studies is on the cusp of a debate between para-keepers , observers who are steadfast about maintaining the prevailing paradigms and deny that globalization offers a fresh way of thinking about the world, and para-makers , who bring into question what they regard as outmoded categories and claim to have shifted to an innovatory paradigm. This distinction is a heuristic that allows for various gradations and dynamic interactions between the keepers and the makers. It helps to identify anomalies in and discomfort with International Studies. Partly as a response to these problems, globalization studies has evolved and may be tentatively delimited by a distinct set of characteristics. But, in the near term, there is no looming Kuhnian crisis in the sense of an impending overthrow that would quickly sweep away reigning paradigms. Given that systematic research on globalization is only slightly more than a decade in the making, it is most likely that International Studies has entered an interregnum between the old and the new. At this time, as a paradigm, globalization is more of a potential than a worked-out framework. It may be best understood as a proto-paradigm.     

Globalization and Population: International Trade and the Demographic Transition

I study the effect of international trade on birth rates across a large number of countries. A supply-demand model of the birth rate explains that a rise in international trade reduces the demand for children and encourages an earlier onset of the mortality revolution. These two effects caused by the rise of international trade lead to a lower birth rate. A time-series cross-section empirical analysis for a large sample of developed and developing countries exhibits that international trade has a statistically significant and inverse effect on the birth rate. The policy implications relating to trade, economic growth, and conflict are discussed in the conclusion.     

Experiencing Globalization: Active Teaching and Learning in International Political Economy

This article explores the teaching and learning challenges for the discipline of international studies (IS) that arise from the contemporary social, economic, and political changes usually labeled "globalization." The focus is upon the challenge posed to IS by a transformation in the nature of the relationship of teachers and students to the subject matter that they study: that is, teachers and students increasingly experience and contribute to globalization in the course of their daily lives as they simultaneously teach and learn about it. Significantly for the study of globalization in IS, pedagogical debates surrounding active teaching and learning highlight the potential for strategies that actively engage students' interests and everyday experiences with the subject itself. On this basis, the article outlines some potential routes into the active teaching and learning of globalization in the field of international political economy, illustrating these with examples from classroom activities and exercises.     

信息革命与经济全球化

信息革命是指人类在认识世界的过程中 ,感知、反映、接收、传递、交流、综合分析和加工处理信息的工具与手段的革命性变革。人类文明的发展始终伴随着对信息获取、存储和运用能力的进步 ,2 0世纪中期以来 ,信息革命开始在全球蓬勃发展。信息革命是继工业化动力革命之后的人类新智能革命 ,它使人类社会面貌正在发生深刻的变化。在信息革命有力地推动下 ,世界进入了全球化迅猛发展、民族国家间联系密切、相互依存程度不断提高的新时代。在信息化新时代 ,认真研究和探讨信息革命与经济全球化的相互关系问题具有重要的理论与现实意义。     

经济全球化对越南经济的影响

经济全球化是世界经济的发展趋势。在80年代中期以来,越南实行革新开放政策,主动融入世界经济,国内经济得到较快发展。同时,经济全球化也对越南的经济安全和政治安全提出了挑战。本文在简要介绍越南主动融入世界经济的过程后,着重分析经济全球化对越南的积极影响和对其经济安全和政治安全的影响。     

经济全球化中的澳大利亚经济发展趋势

在经济全球化进程中,澳大利亚经济经历了亚洲金融危机的冲击,保持了经济持续稳步的增长。21世纪初,尽管世界经济可能趋向于低速增长,但澳大利亚经济将能保持在年增长率3.5%左右,出口增长率约6%,可望保持在接近90年代的发展水平。     

印度农业的全球化对策

农业从本质上将属于弱质产业。在经济全球化进程中,随着农产品贸易自由化的推行,各国农业特别是象印度这样人口众多的发展中国家的农业发展势必受到一定程度的冲击。如何应对经济全球化进程的冲击,将是摆在印度社会目前的重大问题。本文试图就印度在全球化进程中发展农业的对策进行某些概括,希望从中获得某些重要的启示。     

What Is Critical Globalization Studies?

From a critical perspective, precisely what kind of knowledge about globalization is meaningful? The distinctive province of a critical orientation to globalization is coming to be defined by a complex of five interacting components: reflexivity, historicism, decentering, crossovers between social inquiry and other streams of knowledge, and an emphasis on strategic transformations. Critical globalization studies may be employed to identify diverse tendencies in world order, parts of a contradictory whole that coexist, with different logics colliding with one another. These are elements of the old configuration, multilateral globalization ; the contemporary structure, militarized globalization ; and the potential constellation, democratic globalization . The motor of transformation is not only countervailing power but also alternative knowledge, which should be demystifying and enabling.     

Globalization by the Numbers: Quantitative Indicators and the Role of Policy

Many writers have sought empirical referents for globalization. The most persuasive work has considered economic, political, cultural, and environmental indicators. Attempts to combine indicators from different spheres into a single index appear unpromising.     

More Labels, Fewer Refugees: Remaking the Refugee Label in an Era of Globalization

This paper revisits the concept of refugee labelling I elaboratednearly two decades ago. In radically different conditions, thecontemporary relevance and utility of the concept are re-examinedand re-established. Formulated at a time of regionally contained,mass refugee migration in the south during the late 1970s andearly 1980s, the paper argues that the concept still offersvital insights into the impacts of institutional and bureaucraticpower on the lives of refugees in a globalized era of transnationalsocial transformations, mixed migration flows, and the continuingpresence of large scale refugee migration. The core of the paperargues that the ‘convenient images’ of refugees,labelled within a co-opting humanitarian discourse in the past,have been displaced by a fractioning of the label which is drivenby the need to manage globalized processes and patterns of migrationand forced migration in particular. The paper re-evaluates theconcept using the three original axioms—forming, transformingand politicizing the label ‘refugee’. The core argumentis that in the contemporary era: a) the formation of the refugeelabel reflects causes and patterns of forced migration whichare much more complex than in the past, contrasting with anessentially homogeneous connotation in the past; b) respondingto this complexity, the refugee label is transformed by an institutional‘fractioning’ in order to manage the new migration;c) governments, rather than NGOs as in the past, are the pre-eminentagency in the contemporary processes of transforming the refugeelabel, a process driven by northern interests; d) the refugeelabel has become politicized by the reproduction of institutionalfractioning and by embedding the wider political discourse ofresistance to migrants and refugees.     

全球化对当代国际关系的影响

人类社会的全球化进程始于近代资本主义的对外扩张 ,西方资本主义国家在全球化的发展过程中始终扮演了推动者的作用。全球化的发展透视出一个以经济为中心 ,逐步向政治、文化等领域扩散的发展态势。西方国家在推动全球化发展的过程中 ,利用其资本、技术、信息和组织的优势 ,一直谋求把资本主义的经济模式、政治制度、价值观念和西方文化推向全球 ,构建西方发达国家主导的世界秩序。     

全球化时代的新地缘政治安全观

安全是一个国家最首要的关切,只有在对国家的安全需求和安全观念充分了解的基础上,才能分析和解读国家的行为和理解国际政治现象。传统地缘政治学有着独特的安全观,即对于"空间安全"的关注。但是在当今时代,受到全球化所裹挟的各种因素的冲击,传统地缘政治安全观已经不能适应时代的要求。由于全球化时代空间性质的变化和安全内涵的拓展,新地缘政治安全观应当是在充分关注大空间范围内的安全相互依赖的基础上形成的一种综合的安全观。在以和平、发展为主题的时代背景下,理解新地缘政治安全观,有利于更好的实现特定空间背景下国家之间的合作。     

经济全球化、人的安全 与治理

人的安全是人的发展之重要条件,它包括经济安全、食品安全、健康安全、环境安全、人身安全、社区安全和政治安全等七个方面的内容。目前的经济全球化加剧了人的不安全性,具体表现在全球性生产、人口迁徙、生产的新模式、传统领土安全与人的安全之间的资源竞争、相互依赖与领土主权原则之间的冲突,对人的安全带来了负面影响。在经济全球化条件下,各国难以单独有效地应对人的安全的难题,在人的安全治理上不仅需要国家的治理结构,还需要一个以人的发展为原则的全球治理结构。面对人的安全,全球治理结构应该具有以下特征：以合作姿态来帮助相关国家解决人的安全问题,而不是作为超国家主体干预发展中国家;它是一种经济、社会的全面治理结构,而不是一种单纯的安全结构;治理的原则应该是以人为本。但是,目前由于全球治理中的“民主赤字”使得在全球范围内的治理效果不彰。要改善人的安全的治理结构必须首先在世界范围内减少“民主赤字”。     

Globalization,Integration, and the European Welfare State

This paper considers three challenges to the mature European welfare states posed by economic and social integration, demographic changes, and the alleged decline of state capacity in the form of fiscal extraction in an era of globalization. I argue that the experiences of the older member states in the European Union are difficult to reconcile with the common assertions that globalization necessarily leads to a “race to the bottom” where welfare spending is downsized to the lowest common denominator. I develop a set of hypotheses on plausible linkages between demographic challenges, globalization, political capacity, and welfare spending, and test the propositions in an empirical analysis of 14 European Union member states from 1983 to 1998. My empirical results suggest that economic integration does not pose a threat to European welfare states. Rather, demographic changes such as low fertility rates and the aging of the population and their political implications for political leaders’ incentives are more serious challenges for the continuation of the welfare state in Europe.     

论全球化背景下的国际机制

国际机制是国际社会中一系列规范与预期的汇集,它所体现的一整套原则、规则和决策程序使无序社会的有序化成为可能,并降低了国际合作成本,增加了交往的信赖度。当今的全球化为国际机制的发展开拓了新空间,同时也对其规范化与制度化提出了更高的要求。     

区域经济一体化与经济全球化的互动

20世纪90年代伴随着冷战的终结和世界贸易组织的诞生,经济全球化进入了一个全新的阶段,与此同时,区域经济合作也出现了一个新的发展高潮,世界经济呈现出全球化与区域化并行发展的趋势。由于世界经济发展不平衡,越来越多的国家利用地缘优势组建区域经济组织,形成集团竞争力,以提高竞争实力。但区域化并不阻碍全球化的发展,区域经济一体化是世界经济走向全球一体化的必要阶段,在WTO框架内,两者相互促进,随着区域经济合作的发展,必然会推动世界经济全球化的发展。     

Labor Diplomacy: A Revitalized Aspect of U.S. Foreign Policy in the Era of Globalization

This article analyzes how and why labor diplomacy has become an important element of American foreign policy in recent years. "Labor diplomacy"—a term coined by practitioners in the Department of State—refers to the work performed principally by labor officers (also called labor attachés) at American embassies around the world and, more specifically, the advocacy and promotion of core labor standards within the context of U.S. human rights and international trade policy. The five internationally recognized core labor standards, as developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), are: freedom of association; the right of collective bargaining; the elimination of forced labor; the effective abolition of child labor; and the elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation. The article explores the economic, political, and bureaucratic factors that contributed to the revitalization of labor diplomacy during the 1990s. These include: a growing appreciation for the linkage between labor standards and trade in the globalized economy; the Clinton administration's decision to pursue a closer relationship with the AFL-CIO, particularly after the 1997 "fast-track" debacle; and the changing bureaucratic dynammics within the Department of State. The article also reviews U.S. initiatives, both through the ILO and unilaterally, to strengthen respect for core labor standards around the world, and how these efforts have helped shape American policy toward the World Trade Organization. The article concludes with an analysis of the outcome of the recent WTO Ministerial Meeting in Seattle and a prognosis on the future of labor diplomacy.     

安全全球化的经济逻辑：以全球安全困境为例

当今世界,全球化出现了由经济全球化转向安全全球化的趋势,并存在进一步向“全球安全困境”坍缩的迹象。一些国家的政策开始由倾向于通过经济全球化带动增长,转向更多考虑国家安全因素并宁可为此牺牲经济效率,表现出更不相信开放、更不相信市场、战略竞争加码、供应链及支付网络安全化、军事投入及部署增加等特征。拯救全球化的根本之道在于通过突破性创新驱动的技术进步,将趋于疲弱的世界经济扭转至相对高速的增长轨道,让各国由“存量博弈”回归“增量博弈”。边疆或边缘地区具有打破常规、爆发出制度及科技等方面突破性创新的有利条件,但也存在特有的脆弱性。对一国而言,除应针对边疆地区出台大兴创新之风的鼓励政策外,还应当加强对其所承受的硬权力及软权力影响情况的监测和研判,在用好国际国内两个市场、两种资源的同时,须臾不可放松在软权力上的引致性投资,增强边疆地区的向心力,为其富有活力的突破性创新潜力的发挥创造安定团结的社会环境。     

The Redirection of US Foreign Strategy against the Background of Globalization

American foreign strategy has had strong continuity since World War Ⅱ despite differences among successive presidents.Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign revealed ideas and goals for US strategy and strategy adjustment that differ significantly from those of predecessors.The decline in relative gains and rise in cost for US involvement in globalization are reasons for Trump to redirect US foreign strategy.The relative decrease of both US trade and foreign direct investment in the US,amid security threats and the identity crisis of the American people,has tremendously increased the pricetag for US involvement in globalization.