Alcohol screening with the Alcoscan test strip in forensic praxis

The Alcoscan test strip was applied as an assay for the screening of alcohol in vitreous humor and urine samples in autopsy cases and in saliva from drunken drivers. The method gives instant and reliable semi-quantitative information on the presence of alcohol and is valuable when considering the necessity of chemical sampling especially during autopsy.     

Histomorphometric indices of the pancreas in intoxication with alcohol and narcotics

The results of histomorphometric examinations of the pancreas in drug- and alcohol-addiction as well as in acute intoxications are described. They show that, in chronic alcoholic intoxication as compared with opiomania, there are more pronounced interlobular sclerosis and lipomatosis, which is manifested by an enlarged middle lobe of the stroma (containing fat and connective tissue fibers), by a higher density of islands of Langerhans and by their higher sectional area. Autolysis and edema of the stroma are more severe in an acute intoxication with drugs than in other cases of fatal outcome. A possibility is demonstrated to differentiate between various types of the so-called long-term exogenous intoxication and to discriminate between different types of thanatogenesis typical of various cases of acute intoxications. Data are presented that demonstrate the advantage of the quantitative analysis of histological preparations over the qualitative one.     

GC双检测器技术筛选常见毒(药)物的可行性研究

利用气相色谱仪 ,在样品进样经单柱分离后通过Y形管连接至两个不同选择性检测器 (NPD/FID)的方法 ,考察气相色谱操作条件对双检测器响应比值的影响及其该法用于复杂样品测定的可行性。结果表明当实验条件保持不变时 ,NPD/FID响应比值具有较好的重现性。改变检测器操作参数和色谱条件对NPD/FID响应比值都有影响 ,但相对于某一参比物计算得到的相对NPD/FID响应比值受影响很小。样品中待测组份的浓度改变不影响NPD/FID响应比值。在有标准品比对的情况下 ,NPD/FID响应比值或相对NPD/FID响应比值可以作为定性分析的一个参数。     

Mass spectrometric data on some drugs, their biotransformation products and intermediate products of illegal synthesized narcotics

Additional mass spectral data of some rather unusual drugs and their biotransformation-products are presented updating the three large and authoritative mass spectra data collections for forensic/clinical toxicological purposes published by Finkle, Foltz and Saferstein et al. Furthermore mass-spectra data of chemicals, intermediates, by-products and final products of illegal drug syntheses are summarized in one chapter.     

Comparison of laser and ultraviolet techniques used in the detection of body secretions

Evaluation of the detection capabilities of both laser and ultraviolet light sources was performed. The Spectra-Physics Model 171-19 argon ion laser was used in a comparison with the hand held Mineralight multiband ultraviolet lamp, Model UVSL-58 and the Fotodyne Foto UV 410, Model 3-4100. Both techniques were evaluated as to their detection limits for various biological stains. A serial dilution was made from semen, saliva, and sweat samples and their corresponding stains were examined under laser and ultraviolet light sources. The techniques were also evaluated as to possible interferences which may arise based on the type of fabric the stains were made on. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique in relationship to their initial costs are discussed.     

A rapid screening technique for the detection of spermatozoa

Phase contrast microscopy has been used for some time to search for and identify spermatozoa. An enhancement to the technique using xylene in conjuction with phase contrast microscopy is discussed. The method has been found to save time by allowing identification of spermatozoa with xylene-enhanced phase contrast microscopy in many cases that would have been unsuccessful using the normal "dry" phase contrast microscopy techniques. This eliminates a staining and reexamination step.     

尿液中常见毒品的联合分析方法

目的研究尿液中甲基苯丙胺、氯胺酮、吗啡、海洛因的检验方法;方法时间编程和串联质谱技术联合分析;结果分析时间被划分成4个阶段,在每个阶段按照目标物的结构和性质确定母离子和碰撞诱导电压得到相应的子离子碎片信息;结论串联质谱和时间编程的联合分析不仅能有效的排除体内大量内源物的干扰并能同时分析多种物质,此方法应用于实际检案中快速、灵敏。     

Evaluation of the modified zinc test and the acid phosphatase test as preliminary screening methods in sexual assault case material.

The modified zinc test and a commercially available acid phosphatase test were compared as to their screening parameters according to the microscopical finding of spermatozoa in cases of alleged sexual assault. The study involved 65 pieces of evidence material. It was found that the modified zinc test has a higher sensitivity and higher predictive values than the acid phosphatase test. However, when both tests are combined in parallel, the sensitivity and the negative predictive value could be raised to 99%. This finding suggests that a negative result obtained from the parallel combination of the modified zinc test and the acid phosphatase test predicts very well that no spermatozoa will be found at microscopical examination. Since the latter technique is the only one to give absolute proof of the seminal origin of stains or traces, the parallel combination of the zinc test and the acid phosphatase test might be useful in sorting out these cases or materials that deserve further investigation by more elaborate techniques.     

Simultaneous screening and detection of drugs in small blood samples and bloodstains

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is described for the screening and detection of morphine, codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methylecgonine, cocaethylene, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in small blood samples and bloodstains using solid phase SPE columns and a pipetting robot (Gilson Aspec XL). The detection limits are in the order of 1.62-4.10 ng/50 microl spot (amphetamines), 0.15-0.82 ng/50 microl spot (cannabinoids), 1.67-4.70 ng/50 microl spot (cocaine and derivatives) and 4.53-4.91 ng/50 microl spot (opiates) and the correlation factors are between 0.9957 and 0.9999. The method has proven useful in forensic cases with only small sample volumes or bloodstains.     

论雇佣犯罪的概念与本质

在近几年的刑事案件中,一些带有雇佣性质的案件愈来愈多地出现.但是我国刑法对于此类情况如何处理没有明确的规定,刑法理论界对此也鲜有论及.因此,在司法实践中如何具体适用刑法各地做法不一,引起较大争议.而涉及雇佣犯罪的问题很多,本文拟对雇佣犯罪的概念及本质予以探讨.     

The use of Polilight in the detection of seminal fluid, saliva, and bloodstains and comparison with conventional chemical-based screening tests

Biological stains can be difficult to detect at crime scenes or on items recovered from crime scenes. The use of a versatile light source may assist in their detection. The ability of Polilight to locate potential semen, saliva, and blood stains on a range of substrates and at different dilutions was tested. We also tested the use of Polilight in comparison with conventional chemical-based presumptive screening tests such as acid phosphatase (AP), Phadebas, and luminol, often used in casework for detecting potential semen, saliva, and blood stains, respectively. The Polilight was able to locate stains that were not apparent to the naked eye. The color of the material on which a stain is deposited can have an effect on the detectibility of the stain. The Polilight was found to be comparable with the AP and Phadebas tests in terms of its sensitivity. In a comparative study between the AP test and Polilight on 40 casework exhibits, one false-negative result was observed when using the Polilight. On a series of mock casework exhibits it was determined that the Polilight can be used successfully to locate saliva stains for DNA analysis. The sensitivity of luminol for detecting potential bloodstains was greater than that of Polilight; however the Polilight has particular application in instances where a bloodstain may have been concealed with paint. Overall, the Polilight is a relatively safe, simple, noninvasive, and nondestructive technique suitable for use in forensic casework.     

衍生化在气相色诤-质谱法检测苯丙胺类毒品中的应用进展

衍生化是气相色谱-质谱法检测苯丙胺类毒品的重要步骤。衍生化可改善苯丙胺类化合物的色谱行为,增加其质谱分析的质量和特征离子峰,使质谱更加独特,提高了苯丙胺类毒品的检测灵敏度,从而为检验鉴定提供准确可靠的实验结果。本文综述了衍生化在气相色谱-质谱法检测苯丙胺类毒品中的应用进展。     

Differentiation between used motor oils on the basis of their IR spectra with application of the correlation method

Two brands of motor oils (Elf and Castrol) that had been used for various periods of time were examined. The aim was to differentiate these samples (of varying degree of use) on the basis of their infrared spectra, for criminalistic purposes. The correlation method was used. It was found that the FTIR method is capable of providing sufficiently detailed information if some specific fragments of spectra are examined. Hence, it can be concluded that the investigation procedure proposed is adequate.