合同法与联合国国际货物销售合同公约的比较与评析

当前国际贸易中普遍通行的商务游戏规则,主要包括各国有关国际货物买卖的国内法、国际贸易惯例,以及有关国际贸易的国际条约。在各种条约中,《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(以下简称公约)是最重要的一种。然而诚如香港《信报》的评论所言,“随着中国综合国力的增强,中国在国际事务中的地位和作用将足以影响世界经济的游戏规则”。游戏规则的改变与重构,最直接的表现就是适用法在国际贸易中的选择。中国的合同法不仅适用于国内贸易,也同时适用于国际贸易,在规则的改变中必将发挥相当大的作用。因此,本文拟从实务的角度,全面地比较分     

浅析我国海关知识产权保护中备案与申请并行制度之缺陷

近年来知识经济和创新发展日益成为经济发展的主要动力,世博会更是助力推动了知识产权经济的繁荣：一方面直接带来货物进出口额度增长,同时随之而来的文化传播与经济发展必然会长远地加强中国与世界的物质与文化交流。因此中国加强知识产权保护势在必行,而海关在遏制国际贸易中的知识产权侵权行为上发挥重要作用,因此尤其要加强海关知识产权保护这一环节的制度建设。     

我国入世后技术法规建设初探

技术法规在国际贸易中发挥着重要作用,我国入世后技术法规建设急需加强。为此本文 从技术法规的界定、技术法规和标准的关系以及我国技术法规的立法完善三个方面进行了探讨。     

国际法律文本中违约损害赔偿制度及其借鉴

CISG、UPICC和PECL是国际贸易统一实体法的重要成果,对国际贸易产生了重大影响。在违约损害赔偿制度方面,三者作出详尽的规定,统一化程度较高,尽管在某种程度上还存在一些差异。我国《合同法》对违约损害赔偿制度作出了具体规定,这些规定在实务中发挥了重要作用,但是这些具体规定在某种程度上还存在缺陷,需要进一步完善。CISG、UPICC和PECL中有关违约损害赔偿制度的合理规定,对完善我国《合同法》中违约损害赔偿制度具有一定的借鉴意义。     

我国服务贸易的发展对策分析

随着经济全球化和经济服务化程度的加深,服务贸易在世界经济和国际贸易的发展中发挥了重要的作用,而且在国际贸易中的地位越来越突出。服务贸易成为了国际贸易竞争的重要领域,并且成为了一个国家提高国际竞争力的重要因素。积极推进国际服务贸易自由化便成为世界各国、尤其是发达国家推动其国内经济发展和扩大其国际贸易的重要手段。     

论国际贸易中知识产权的保护与限制

当今国际贸易中普遍存在知识产权保护不力与知识产权滥用并存的现象。这在很大程度上与TRIPS规定的不完善有关。一方面发展中国家必须承担超过其自身发展承受能力的高标准的知识产权保护义务;另一方面协定自身并未建立起完善的利益平衡机制。鉴于此,本文试分析两个问题:第一个问题是国际贸易中知识产权保护与限制平衡的意义;第二个问题是国际贸易中知识产权保护与限制平衡的原则。     

世界贸易组织争端解决程序中上诉审的作用

世贸组织争端解决机制中新设了上诉审程序.常设上诉机构的职责是维持、修改或推翻一审中专家小组所作的法律裁决和结论.在数年的实践中,上诉审发挥了积极的作用:较好地协调国际贸易与其它世界性事务的关系;广开言路,增加争端解决机制的透明度;力图在争端解决中全面准确地适用法律规则.与此同时,亦暴露出一些不足,需随着实践的发展加以完善.     

信息技术知识产权保护的四大关键问题

新国际贸易体制的形成、新技术革命的产生以 及新民事立法浪潮的出现,都对知识产权制度的发展与变革产生了深远的影响。中国知识产权法应不断修改完善,顺应历史潮流,逐渐步人国际化、现代化与法典化的道路。知识产权制度的国际化特征表现了这一制度的基本原则和主要规则在全球范围的普适性;中国知识产权立法始终关注现代科学技术的发展,不     

政府在解决农村留守孩子问题中的职能和作用

留守孩子问题成为中国当前的一个令人关注的问题,是农民工的一大隐痛。农民工由于多种条件制约,无力解决子女健康成长与科学、适当培养的难题。本文指出政府要完善职能,在解决留守孩子问题方面发挥应有作用,这是事关中国未来的战略性问题。     

国际货运代理人含义及其法律地位探析

国际货运代理在中国发展的历史并不算很长 ,但在国际贸易和航运中日益发挥着重要的作用。由于货运代理含义及其法律地位规定的不明确 ,实践中产生了大量的争议。甚至从业人员也不清楚货运代理的明确含义及应承担的责任。本文从现有的法律入手 ,对上述问题进行分析、阐述 ,以提请国内有关部门对此引起足够的重视 ,并能尽快完善货运代理方面的相关法规。     

论“TRIPS-递增”协定在WIPO公约体系和WTO法律框架下的制度空间与适用关系

“TRIPS-递增”协定是后TRIPS时代发达国家向发展中国家输送其知识产权保护标准的主要法律形态。此类协定可能影响发展中国家公共政策目标的实现，缩减这些国家利用WTO/TRIPS框架下的变通性规定促进其发展的自由选择空间。但是，在WIPO公约体系和WTO法律框架下，“TRIPS-递增”协定具有其存在的制度空间和正当理由。因此，发展中国家一方面要根据一般国际法的相关规定，认识和处理“TRIPS-递增”协定与WTO框架公约和WTO／TRIPS协议的关系，另一方面要通过联合抵制或“体制转向”阻止“TRIPS-递增”知识产权保护标准的扩张。     

多边贸易体制下的反规避规则与中国的反规避立法

随着国际贸易竞争的加剧,各种规避反倾销的行为层出不穷,反规避规则也因此逐渐出现在欧美等一些国家的反倾销法中。WTO框架下的多边贸易体制尚无统一的反规避规则,国际上对反规避的合法性与合理性也存在一定的争议。中国目前对反规避措施只有原则性的规定,但缺乏具体的、可操作性的规则,因此有进行反规避立法的必要,以完善反倾销法律制度。     

WTO法律体系协同发展研究

WTO法律体系是在少数发达国家主导下制定的,包含了大量不合理、不公正的规定。WTO法律体系要实现科学发展就必须协同发展,这主要归因于WTO法调整领域、运行机制、区域差异、与其他国际机构的密切合作。WTO法律体系协同发展应当遵循公正原则、科学原则、民主原则以及法治原则,并且要在观念、制度、行为、利益上实现协同。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,既是WTO法律体系不合理、不公正规定的受害者,又是WTO法律体系协同发展的推动者、参与者、捍卫者和实践者。这是中国加入WTO的世界性意义。     

Explaining energy disputes at the World Trade Organization

The international trade regime has seen an explosion of challenges to government support for renewable energy in recent years, yet fossil fuel subsidies, which dwarf renewable energy subsidies, have remained unchallenged. Existing explanations for this puzzling discrepancy have focused on four rationales: major fossil fuel exporters have not historically been members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (WTO); WTO subsidies rules are inadequate to deal with the specifics of the fossil fuel trade; nations have developed separate institutions to govern energy; and all states have fossil fuel subsidies, so a challenge to one country’s subsidies will prompt a reciprocal challenge. This article makes two contributions. First, it uses a survey of existing renewable energy trade disputes to critique the existing explanations. Most importantly, the article shows that the threat of reciprocal litigation exists in the renewable energy sector, and that WTO subsidies rules are rarely used to challenge renewable energy subsidies. Hence, neither the threat of reciprocal litigation nor the relative ease of applying WTO subsidies rules explains the discrepancy in the number of disputes. Second, the article hypothesizes that the economic diversification of energy-producing countries is correlated with and may drive whether energy-producing countries face WTO challenges to their energy support policies. Most major fossil fuel producers lack significant non-fossil fuel exports that could be restricted in order to induce them to reform their fossil fuel policies, the usual mechanism for enforcing a WTO judgment. States may also be more likely to challenge new, rather than long-standing, trade restrictions. This suggests that trade challenges will arise more frequently where innovation leads to competition and a demand for new trade restrictions (as in renewable energy), as opposed to in mature sectors of the economy (i.e., the fossil fuel industry). Economic diversification, in turn, is a good predictor of innovation.     

Trade Measures and Climate Compliance: Institutional Interplay Between WTO and the Marrakesh Accords

This article examines the potential of trade measures to induce more climate-friendly policies, focusing on the relationship between global trade rules and the Kyoto climate regime. At the core of this interplay is the normative consistency of trade-related rules in the two regimes and any hierarchical relationship between them. The stronger clout of the WTO and its compulsory dispute settlement system suggest that issues involving competing claims would be referred to WTO bodies. Such bodies have so far been restrictive regarding the exceptions in WTO agreements to the general ban on embargoes and discrimination. The normative compatibility of the two regimes will also depend on their participatory interplay, specifically how they differentiate groups of actors as to rights and obligations. Non-members of WTO receive the least protection, and their vulnerability to climate-related trade measures is largely determined by their interdependence with states that consider employment of such measures. Among WTO members, the findings of a dispute settlement body would presumably differ depending on the status of the target under the Kyoto Protocol. A non-complier with Kyoto commitments would be more shielded than a non-party, because by joining the Kyoto regime a non-complier has exposed itself to regime-internal and less trade intrusive measures that should be exhausted first. A third dimension of interplay is linkage, or efforts to influence the regime interplay. To date there has only been moderate cross-agency coordination, but considerable attention is paid within each regime, including in the Millennium Round of trade negotiations, to the desirability of avoiding conflict between them.     

宪政式制衡还是多边化制度下的均衡?——基于结构与功能关系的WTO动态分析模型

西方学者主张的宪政模式论将WTO治理结构与国家政体进行理论上的比拟,倾向于将其塑造成宪政体制。宪政模式论能否成立,关键在于对WTO立法体制及争端解决机制(DSM)性质的理解。WTO立法体制的核心功能是协调,现有实践表明它是一个多边体制;同时,其争端解决机制地位从属于立法,在实证层次,WTO治理结构并不支持DSM的司法性质,DSM不可能构成宪政体制应有的司法之维;因此,虽然WTO某些法律功能具有内国宪法的特征,但总体上其治理结构的性质还不足以构成一个自足的宪政体系,宪政论的制衡模式观点难以在WTO的实践中成立。     

《反假冒贸易协定》边境措施研究

进入后TRIPs时代,发达国家不满足于TRIPs协定的正义框架,不断在国际社会通过"场所转换"提高TRIPs的保护标准,并在2011年达成《反假冒贸易协定》。该协定中的边境措施在实体法和程序法层面均有新的要求和较高的保护标准。这些措施将增加我国转运货物被查扣的风险,给我国出口企业造成负面影响。我国应尽早研究对策,采取抵制立场以防患于未然,同时,联合发展中国家,使知识产权国际保护重回WTO多边体系。     

The Case for a Multilateral Agreement on Competition Policy: A Developing Country Perspective

Although the issue of trade and competition policy has beendropped from the Work Programmes of the Doha Round of WorldTrade Organization (WTO) negotiations, it continues to be discussedin other fora and may return to the WTO after the completionof the Round. This article assesses the case for an agreementfrom the perspective of developing countries. It begins by reviewingthe ‘development dimension’ of the WTO debate andthen examines three specific antitrust issues that were of considerablerelevance to developing countries but were not pursued: exportcartels, anti-dumping and intellectual property rights (IPRs).There follows a critical assessment of the empirical and theoreticalarguments for the kind of agreement that was being advocatedto deal with international cartels. Alternative proposals, involvingdeveloping countries ‘outsourcing’ antitrust enforcementto developed countries, are also sceptically examined, as isthe relevance for developing countries of the kind of competitionpolicy that is currently in place in developed countries. Finally,a general approach to international trade agreements suggeststhat developing countries had nothing to gain from the proposalthat was on the table, and the article concludes by proposinga range of more suitable alternatives.     

Competition Law and the WTO: Rethinking the Relationship

This essay identifies obstacles to the inclusion of a competitionlaw regime in the WTO and suggests changes that are likely tobe necessary if competition law is to become an effective partof the WTO. Two obstacles have impeded inclusion of competitionlaw in the WTO's legal regime and are likely to continue todo so. They are (i) a lack of confidence that the norms, practicesand procedures of the WTO rest on a robust conception of communityand (ii) uncertainty and concern about what form of competitionlaw might be included and what its role in the WTO would be.In order to reduce the first of these obstacles, the institutionsand members of the WTO will need to develop a conception ofcommunity that engenders widespread confidence in the WTO'sbasic modes of operation. Eliminating the second obstacle wouldrequire clarification of the kind of competition law that wouldbe acceptable within the WTO, and this, in turn, is likely torequire development of a form of competition law that is specificallydesigned for the WTO and that can elicit the long-term supportof all categories of members. The essay suggests that the competitionlaw issue is intricately interwoven with the future of the WTO.The changes that would be necessary to introduce and successfullyimplement competition law in the WTO are to a large extent thesame as those that the institution will need to make if it isto enrich its role as an institution.     

CHINA’S WTO PARTICIPATION IN ANTI-DUMPING DISPUTES (2001–2011)

The anti-dumping war between the US and China has attracted much attention lately, especially after a March WTO ruling and a November US domestic court ruling on the issue in 2011. While the former held that the current US method of applying countervailing and anti-dumping duties simultaneously on imports from China and other non-market economies was “inconsistent” with the WTO rules, the latter ruled that such action was “illegal” under the US countervailing law. China has been one of the most frequent anti-dumping investigation targets by both developed and developing countries for decades. Although it currently has more than one hundred anti-dumping actions against its trading partners at the domestic level, China is a very new player of anti-dumping litigation at the WTO level. China filed its first WTO claim on anti-dumping in December 2007 against the US, since when it has made frequent appearance at the WTO dispute settlement in this regard. This Article examines China’s participation in anti-dumping disputes during the first ten years of its WTO membership, five as complainant and four as respondent. The alleged undervalued Chinese currency has been claimed to provide unfair price advantages to Chinese products and consequently tops trade frictions between China and its trading partners. It to some extent contributes to the rising anti-dumping disputes of China. With the continuing pressure to appreciate the Chinese currency globally as well as the current debit crisis in the EU, more anti-dumping and countervailing investigations against China are expected to emerge as countries are pushing more exports to assist the gloomy domestic economies. This becomes more likely taking into account the mounting claims on the job lost in the US due to the flux of cheap and competitive Chinese products.