Urban Drug Problems, Policymakers and the General Public

The main focus of this paper is: how strong are people's opinions and policy preferences on the issue of drugs and drug users influenced by their own exposure to drug problems? From a general population survey conducted in eleven European cities, it is concluded that opinions and policy preferences are influenced only to a limited degree by exposure. The people who are not exposed to drug problems in their neighbourhood are more strongly inclined towards a repressive approach than the people who are affected by drug nuisance. Personal experiences with illicit drugs play an important part in the viewpoints. People who have tried drugs themselves lean far more strongly towards a health approach. That tendency is even stronger among those who are exposed to drug-related nuisance.     

Swedish Drug Policy: A Successful Model?

The shift in Swedish drug policy since around 1980 towards a more strict model has according to the official point of view been successful by comparison with the earlier, more lenient drug policy. However, available systematic indicators show that the prevalence of drug use has increased since around 1980, that the decrease in drug incidence was particularly marked during the 1970s and that some indicators point towards an increase during the 1990s. The shift towards a more strict policy.     

法律援助供需矛盾解决途径之探索

我国已初步建立起法律援助制度,几年来法律援助工作取得一定的成绩。但基于我国国情,现有法律援助资源无法满足社会需求,突出表现为人力不足和财力不足。解决法律援助供需矛盾可尝试实行法律援助服务实施主体多元化,通过多种途径完善费用分担制度,开辟多种经费来源渠道。     

论公共需求与中国经济增长

需求结构的不合理是制约中国经济增长的一个重要原因,因而有必要对需求结构不合理原因作进一步的分析.现阶段在若干领域的需求过于旺盛所导致的经济过热的内在机制,是政府的片面政绩冲动和企业的盲目利润冲动,其后果是导致了需求结构的不合理.在产生大量无效供给的前提下,我国公共产品的有效供给却长期不足,人民的需求得不到应有的满足.随着经济市场化的深入和社会公共需求的日益增长,需要政府提供更优质、更全面的公共产品.因此,及时调整现有的宏观经济政策导向,加快制度创新,强化政府提供公共产品的职能,以满足公众对公共产品的有效需求,应成为我国治理现阶段经济过热的新思路.     

Using Booking Data to Model Drug User Arrest Rates: A Preliminary to Estimating the Prevalence of Chronic Drug Use

Public policy is often concerned with the size and characteristics of special populations that are difficult to reach in household surveys. Chronic drug users, who often live outside conventional households, provide the illustration motivating this paper. An alternative to household surveys is to question chronic drug users where they congregate—jails, treatment programs, and shelters, for example. Using such opportunistic data for prevalence estimation raises difficult problems for statistical inference: Study subjects who arrive at the collection points cannot be deemed a random sample of the general population. However, if we could estimate the rates at which chronic drug users arrive at the collection points, then we could use those estimates to weight the sample to represent the population. This paper presents a modified Poisson mixture model used to estimate the stochastic process that accounts for how chronic drug users get arrested. It uses that model to estimate arrest rates for 38 counties using up to sixteen quarters of data from the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring survey.

环境法律与环境政策的抵牾与交融——以环境侵权救济为视角

环境法律实质上仅是社会悲剧性地分配资源的一种手段,市场、习俗、惯例和政策等手段都综合参与决定了资源的分配,在环境侵权救济中,环境政策是影响环境法律的重要因素。环境政策实施对于环境法律在环境侵权救济中的影响可以分为三个层面:公共政策的演进促进环境侵权法律责任机制内在机理的更新;专门的环境政策催生新的环境法律、更新环境法律机制;地方政府对于中央环境政策再界定过程,形成了多种类型的地方环境政策,对于环境侵权救济的影响也呈现出多种形态。     

Tackling Drugs Together: The Possibilities for a Confidential Drug Service

This article explores the exchange of personal information between agencies working with drug users and the 'problems' created by confidentiality. Confidentiality may be conceptualised as a form of information privacy, which in turn derives from a wider idea of privacy. The authors take as a case study the 'Wintercomfort Case', concerning a day centre for drug users in Cambridge. The focus is to look at the legal and practice implications of the case, and to examine in particular the tensions that exist between welfare and justice agencies who may have access to the same information, but who may also have different agendas and objectives in taking action.     

The Narrow Margins of the Dutch Drug Policy: A Cost-Benefit Analysis

In order to introduce more structure to the debate it seems worthwhile to make a rough cost-benefit analysis of the probable effects of the Dutch drug policy in various areas. A multi-disciplinary analysis of this nature makes it possible to bring together the arguments put forward by the protagonists from various perspectives and to some extent balance them against each other. In a traditional cost-benefit analysis the anticipated effects are assessed in financial terms. This is only possible to a very limited extent when it comes to drug policy. The article is limited to cataloguing as fully as possible the most significant pros and cons of the Dutch drug policy found in the literature on the subject. As a conclusion attention is paid to whether changes such as decriminalisation or re-criminalisation of drug use will yield a better cost-benefit analysis against the background of this overview.     

发达国家政府提升网络舆论引导能力的经验及启示

本文从介绍以美国和德国为代表的发达国家在提升网络舆论引导方面的做法入手,分析了他们的成功经验以及对我国的有益启示,提出了立法监管是根本保证,技术支撑是有力保障,社会参与是加强互联网管理的有效补充等提升我国网络舆论引导能力的建议。     

Measuring Family Violence: The Conceptualization and Utilization of Prevalence and Incidence Rates

The present study argues for a standard conceptualization of prevalence and incidence in family violence research. Reviewing several definitions of both prevalence and incidence in the family violence literature, we identify important inconsistencies in conceptualizations. The use of time frame to distinguish incidence and prevalence seems to have been a main thrust of the conceptual confusion. A gold standard conceptualization is proposed that sees prevalence as the extent to which violent behavior is distributed in the population and incidence as the amount of violent behavior that occurs among those in the population who experience violence. A discussion of rates calculated with other conceptualizations illustrates the need for standardization as well as the utility of the conceptualization in the present study. The calculation of prevalence and incidence rates is exemplified with respect to interpartner violence using Statistics Canada's Violence Against Women Survey (VAWS). Using duration as an independent variable, we also illustrate how the choice of incidence or prevalence rates may affect the operation of risk markers. Given the need for standardization, the relative ease with which this can be accomplished, and the knowledge that research in this area will be conducted well into the future, we conclude with a plea for a standard use of prevalence and incidence among family violence scholars.     

The Role of EU Internal Policies in Implementing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options to Achieve Kyoto Targets

This paper reviews the role of internal European Union (EU) policies and measures in implementing the target for greenhouse gas mitigation in the Kyoto Protocol. It starts with a discussion of the EU Burden Sharing Agreement, which distributes the target between Member States. This leads to a review of the appropriate level of implementation of policies, i.e. at the EU level or Member State level. There is a role for the flexible mechanisms of the Protocol, particularly emission permit trading, in complementing Member State policies at the EU level. The implementation is to be done against the background of three major factors which may have an important bearing on the policies: the probable long-term requirement of substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions a changing structure of energy markets, following liberalisation of the gas and electricity markets EU enlargement to include economies in transition with the potential for further substantial reductions in emissions.The paper concludes with a discussion of ancillary benefits of the policies that may be substantial and a summary of the position as regards the "unfinished business" of the Protocol to be discussed at the Conference of the Parties in the Hague in November 2000.     

政策增长与法律空洞化——以经济法为例的观察

当前我国法律的空洞化现象严重。法律空洞化是指立法风格简略、粗犷,法律的完整性、周延性、精确性和普适性不足,没有实质内容,可操作性差,从而导致法律的控制力不足,法律仅剩一个空壳甚至连外壳都没有的现象。法律的空洞化问题,实质上是法律与政策的关系问题。法律工具主义是法律空洞化现象产生的思想根源。但从时代背景看,法律与政策的关系则是一个纠结在传统性、现代性和后现代性之间的一个复杂性问题。鉴于法律的空洞化和"政策之治"产生的诸多弊端,我国当前应加快向"法律主治"的转型。为此,要正确认识法律与政策的关系,坚守法律的目的价值观,树立法律精细化的理念,加强对行政机关的政策制定的法律控制,规范法律解释活动。     

论当前中国法律理论与民意的冲突——兼论现代性法律的局限性

法律理论与民意的冲突,目前成了一种不容忽视的冲突。泸州"二奶"遗赠案反映了自由权利与社会责任的冲突;"刘涌案"反映了程序正义与实体正义的冲突;"死刑存废之争"反映了法律理想图景与现实正义观念的冲突。冲突的根源在于:现代性法律以个人主义和自由主义为前提预设,把人视为独立自由的平等个体,把错综复杂多样的社会关系剪裁成单一片面的法律关系,要求尽可能地限制国家权力,甚至主张以"人道"规范一切;但是,社会中的人却不是独立自由的,而是受到多种社会伦理规范的制约;国家职能和社会规范都是多元的;民意具有现实性和综合性的特点。现代性法律与中国民意的冲突,本质上是两种不同的国家社会体制的冲撞。现代性法律只能调整特定的社会关系、满足中国的部分需求。     

刑事政策的理论预设:国家、权力与公共政策

刑事政策作为刑事法界域的一个基本范畴,是当下理论界与实务部门的一个热门话题。对作为刑事政策理论预设和逻辑前提的国家、权力、管理、决策、公共政策等范畴进行研究,从而将刑事政策本身置于一个深广的人文社会背景中加以考察,有助于提升刑事政策相关研究的理论品位,并充分释放其实践效能。     

Gender and Juvenile Drug Abuse: A General Strain Theory Perspective

This study is a partial test of Robert Agnew's (2006 Agnew , Robert. 2006 . “Pressured Into Crime: General Strain Theory.” Pp. 201 – 209 in Criminological Theory: Past to Present. , 3rd ed. , edited by F. T. Cullen and R. Agnew . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . [Google Scholar]) general strain theory. The sample consists of 39,879 juveniles between the ages of 10 and 17 from a metropolitan area in Texas with more than 5 million people. Logistic regression is used to determine the effect of living situation on drug offenders, drug recidivists, and juvenile court case outcome when race, abuse, sex, and mental health problems are controlled. Gender-specific analysis is used to test L. Broidy and R. Agnew's (1997 Agnew , Robert and Timothy Brezina . 1997 . “Relational Problems With Peers, Gender, and Delinquency.” Youth & Society 84 – 111 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) hypothesis that girls and boys react differently to strain. Results show partial support for the influence of a strained living situation on drug offenders, drug recidivists, and case outcome. Support is found for the hypothesis that boys' and girls' experiences with strain differ.     

头发中氯硝西泮的分段分析在药物辅助犯罪案件中的作用

目的通过分段分析头发中的氯硝西泮,对药物辅助犯罪案件中受害人的摄药频度及摄药史进行推断。方法采用液氮冷冻研磨技术联合超声浴技术,以液相色谱-串联质谱法,对6名不同案件中受害人的头发分段分析,并测定各头发段中的氯硝西泮及7-氨基氯硝西泮的含量。结果 6名受害人的部分头发段中均检出氯硝西泮及其代谢物7-氨基氯硝西泮,且头发中药物峰值浓度的出现时间与受害人自述摄药时间相一致。结论头发分段分析可提供摄药频度与摄药时间信息,在药物辅助犯罪案件中具有独特的证据价值。     

运输毒品罪概念及不同行为类型的分析

运输毒品罪虽然与走私、制造、贩卖毒品罪相提并论,但是,相对于走私、制造、贩卖毒品罪来说,运输毒品罪行为类型比较多,针对其不同的六种行为类型应当进行不同的定罪与量刑的分析,这能使运输毒品罪的定罪量刑真正做到合理、合法、合情。     

国际商事仲裁裁决承认和执行中的公共政策问题

在国际商事仲裁裁决的承认和执行中,公共政策是一个极不确定的因素,一国为保护本国当事人的利益,可能会以此为由拒绝承认和执行外国仲裁裁决.国际法协会国际商事仲裁委员会认为,在国际商事仲裁裁决的承认和执行方面,应采纳国际公共政策的概念,以避免因各国对公共政策的理解不同而影响国际商事仲裁裁决在世界范围内的承认和执行.该委员会还认为,一国的国际公共政策包括该国所希望保护的与道德和公正相关的基本原则、该国的强行法规范以及该国应承担的国际义务,并对其具体适用提出了针对性的建议.