强化人民监督员制度实效的措施

人民监督员制度从根本上解决了长期困扰检察机关的谁来监督监督者的问题。同时,也兑现了检察机关对宪法强调的对人民管理国家事务、监督国家机关工作的诸项权利的承诺。本文就如何强化人民监督员制度实效的措施结合实际进行了分析。     

人民监督员制度存在的问题及完善

正宪法赋予了检察机关"法律监督者"的崇高地位,正是这种权力配置,才使检察机关总是无法回避外界的诟病,尤其是关于"谁来监督监督者?"的强烈质疑。在现有的体制框架内,检察机关一直在尝试着对这一问题进行回应,人民监督员制度就应运而生了。作为一项改革措施,人民监督员在制度设计上有诸多独到     

郑州：“人大任命人民监督员”的模式探索

“检察机关监督别人,谁来监督检察机关？”这是人们常说的一句话。随着人民监督员制度的逐步建立,检察机关的外部监督得到强化。然而,怎么让人民监督员工作更具公信力,摆脱由“被监督者选择监督者”的局限。日前,郑州市检察机关积极探索在检察体制外率先实行了“人民监督员由人大常委会进行资格审查确认”和“人民监督员由人大常委会任命”的新模式。有关法学专家认为,郑州市检察机关的这种做法开了郑州市人民监督员“升格”之先河。     

人民监督员制度的困境与出路

自2010年10月起,试行了7年有余的人民监督员制度终于得以全面推行。作为回应"谁来监督监督者"的实际举措,不仅是检察机关,法学界乃至全社会都对人民监督员制度寄予厚望。然而,作为一项初生的制度,人民监督员不可避免地存在定性模糊、缺失民意以及运行机制等结构性缺陷,目前这些缺陷已致这一改革措施置于生死存亡的十字路口,改革的方向是扩大监督范围、建立由外部选任的、在诉讼程序内具有法律效力的人民监督员诉讼制度。     

完善人民监督员选任机制之设想

实行人民监督员制度的目的是通过在现行检察制度中增设一种新的有具体监督内容和刚性监督程序的外部监督机制,完善人民监督员制度的一个关键环节是选任人民监督员。从我国目前的司法实践来看,人民监督员的选任多数是由检察机关自行选任,难以走出"被监督者选任监督者"的怪圈。因此有必要寻求一种真正体现外部监督的选任机制,确保人民监督员制度的生命力。     

刍议人民监督员制度的完善

人民监督员的任务是监督监督者的司法活动,工作的性质是“民督宫”,由此决定了人民监督员应具备较高道德、业务素质,并能够代表社会各阶层的利益。他们应当来自于企事业单位和社会团体。国家机关工作人员、人大代表皆不宜兼任人民监督员职务。现试行的人民监督员制度,对人民监督员的选聘条件规定过于粗糙,选聘程序在实际操作中缺乏透明度,监督员的责任也未明确,难以保障监督的实效,故该制度应在许多方面予以完善。     

浅论人民监督员产生方式的完善

人民监督员制度的目的在于建立对检察机关直接受理侦查案件的外部监督机制,应是一种外部监督。但目前实行的人民监督员制度试点工作中存在的"被监督者选择监督者"的问题,影响了人民监督员制度应有作用的发挥。基于此,本文对产生人民监督员的产生方式存在的问题及完善进行了分析探讨。     

完善与人民监督员联动监督机制以加强对自侦案件的监督

人民监督员制度是检察机关为完善外部监督机制的一个有益的制度探索和提高法律监督能力、促进自身执法能力建设的一项重要举措。如何不断创新和探索人民监督员监督活动形式,寻求人民监督员制度这一具体的外部监督方式与检察机关纪检监察工作这一强化内部监督的有效载体之间的有机结合,实现对自侦案件的监督,是目前检察机关推进人民监督员工作向纵深发展的重要课题。     

人民监督员制度运行情况调查

人民监督员制度在取得显著成效的同时,在运行过程中也暴露出独立性缺乏、参与人员代表性不强、成员广泛性不足、监督者缺乏应有的素养、任期时间较长等问题。应当以改革和完善人民监督员选任机构及机制为重点和切入点,推进相关法律的出台,促进监督方式的改革,进一步明确人民监督员的权利义务,保障人民监督员制度设立目的的有效实现。     

人民监督员制度的定位——从法律监督分类的角度

人民监督员制度是实践中的新生事物。从法律监督分类的角度,应当对人民监督员制度做出如下定位:一是人民监督员制度是对人民检察院自侦案件进行的外部监督;二是人民监督员制度是一种权力监督;三是人民监督员制度是人民监督员对人民检察院自侦案件进行的事后监督。     

人民法院特约监督员制度的功能偏差与完善路径简

特约监督员制度是人民法院为健全和完善司法外部监督机制而进行的制度创新.然而,该制度在实际运行中发挥的功能与价值目标存在偏差.究其原因,主要是监督员的独立性、主动性不足,缺乏有效的监督手段和有效的外部支持.对此,引入人大对特约监督员制度的支持和保障机制是促使其功能回归的可行方案.鉴于此,应通过优化监督员选任方式、畅通监督信息获取渠道、强化结果制约力度等,对特约监督员制度进行系统完善和制度配套.     

Promoting a culture of fairness: police training,procedural justice,and compliance

Objectives

Academics and practitioners alike are concerned about the potential “double-edged sword” of procedural justice. In the organizational context, procedural justice is expected to increase compliance with supervisors. However, blind, unthinking, or “hard” compliance with supervisors, may lead to anti-organizational behavior and misconduct. The present study examines the moderating effect of a police recruit cultural training program on the relationship between procedural justice and compliance with police supervisors. We expect that providing cultural training will moderate the relationship between procedural justice and “hard” compliance.

Methods

Participants were police recruits at the Queensland Police Academy who were randomly assigned to an experimental (Voice 4 Values) or control condition (business-as-usual training) upon entry into the academy. Recruits in both groups were surveyed pre- and post- training to capture perceptions of procedural justice and compliance with supervisors.

Results

Results suggest that procedural justice mattered less for predicting “hard” or unthinking compliance among the recruits who received the Voice 4 Values cultural training package, compared to those who did not receive the training.

Conclusions

We conclude that while procedural justice may be of interest to policing organizations, it is important that it is not used as a tool to encourage unthinking compliance. We find cultural training reduces the effect of procedural justice on unthinking or “hard” compliance.

     

司法改革的一种新思路

在人大对司法(法院)的监督上,主要应反对以所谓"司法独立"、"法官良心自治"为借口规避监督的观点,同时也应防止以监督权替代审判权的倾向.一种新的思路是:人大切实管好人(法官),但不干预审判行为本身.     

试论国内仲裁司法监督的范围

独立性和一裁终局性体现了仲裁制度的基本精神,仲裁裁决由于其准司法特点,也必然受制于国家司法权力的监督和制约。我国《仲裁法》所建构的对国内仲裁进行实体性和程序性全面司法监督的体制,在现实中存在监督不当的可能,更重要的是与仲裁制度本质以及与民事诉讼机制平衡关系等存在抵触。从制度构建的角度来讲,应改而确立司法对仲裁的程序性监督机制,保证司法机制和仲裁机制在民商事纠纷处理机制上的平衡关系。     

论民事抗诉对实现司法公正的价值

司法公正是社会主义法治内涵的核心价值,它直接关系到公民的人身、财产安全和社会的稳定与安宁.民事抗诉制度对于实现司法公正具有重要的价值,具体表现在:它能有效地监控法官的自由裁量权,有效地节省司法资源,克服司法地方化.正因如此,在我国目前条件下,民事抗诉制度只能不断完善与加强,决不能削弱,更不能废除.     

The Evolving Structure of the Environmental Justice Movement in the United States: New Models for Democratic Decision-Making

Over the last two decades in the United States, mainstream environmental organizations have reduced, rather than increased, democratic participation by citizens in environmental problem-solving. The environmental justice movement, on the other hand, has served to enlarge the constituency of the environmental movement by incorporating poorer communities and oppressed people of color into environmental decision making process; build community capacity by developing campaigns and projects that address the common links between various social and environmental problems; and facilitate community empowerment by emphasizing grassroots organizing over advocacy. This paper outlines the different components in the environmental justice movement. It is our contention that if researchers and policymakers continue to conceive of the ecological crisis as a collection of unrelated problems, then it is possible that some combination of regulations, incentives, and technical innovations can keep pollution and resource destruction at tolerable levels for more affluent socioeconomic populations. However, poor working class communities and people of color which lack the political–economic resources to defend themselves will continue to suffer the worst abuses. However, if the interdependency of issues is emphasized as advocated by the environmental justice movement, then a transformative environmental politics can be invented.     

Access to justice: a new approach using human rights standards

This article details a trial of a new approach to measuring access to justice that utilises human rights instruments as the reference point. It involves an examination of people's actual experience of the justice system using human rights standards as the benchmark. The research project selected the right to income security. The project trialled a range of methods gathering data about how people have been treated in the Australian social security system and how they would expect to be treated if there was a human right to social security in Australia. This data is assessed against the set of standards developed to measure the enjoyment of the right to social security. The trial suggests that without knowledge about human rights and legal rights, without the confidence to exercise those rights and without the capacity or capability to seek or find help it is unlikely that people will realise their rights and accordingly access to justice is placed in question. The research methodology has the potential to be a useful model to conduct further access to justice research.     

反腐外部监督机制的比较与完善

随着世界各国反贪机构的建立,"谁来监督监督者"的问题已经成为各国政府和社会公众广泛关注的焦点。我国香港特别行政区廉政公署的外部社会监督制度和澳大利亚新南威尔士廉政公署的外部专门监督制度是解决上述难题的两种典型实践例证,二者各具特色,对于完善我国的人民监督员制度具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

北京市基层卫生监督机构人力资源配置公平性研究简

卫生监督机构是依法履行政府职能的卫生专业执法机构,其职能履行直接关系到人们的健康以及合法的卫生权益。卫生监督人力资源配置的公平性很大程度上决定了卫生监督执法工作的成效。本文通过描述分析2011年北京市基层卫生监督人力资源配置状况;运用基尼系数、集中指数测量、比较北京市基层卫生监督人力资源公平性,系统评价北京市基层卫生监督人力资源配置公平性,为政府科学、有效配置卫生监督人力资源提供决策参考。