Predicting Conduct Problems from Community and Family Violence: The Moderating Effects of Hurricane Katrina

Although the devastation was immediately apparent, the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the behavior of youth are just now being revealed. Much post-disaster research targets adjustment of adults, but ample evidence indicates that youth experience a variety of psychological symptoms following a disaster, including depressive symptoms, aggression, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress. The aim of the current study was to determine whether hurricane exposure serves as a risk factor for developing conduct problems among violence-exposed youth. Results indicate that hurricane exposure had differential effects on the relations between conduct problems and community violence versus corporal punishment in the home. Though not statistically significant, there was an unexpected trend for youth with high hurricane exposure to show decreased conduct problems and those with low hurricane exposure to show increased conduct problems as violence exposure increased. Hurricane exposure played the predicted role in the relation between corporal punishment and conduct problems, such that high levels of hurricane exposure predicted increased conduct problems among youth experiencing high levels of corporal punishment, but not among those experiencing low levels of corporal punishment. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.     

Web2.0时代集体创作作品的保护困境与立法应对

在Web2.0时代,集体创作成为网络信息创造的一种主要方式。集体创作作品由多个无意思联络的分散创作者共同创作而成,由于著作权分散于多个个体创作者手中,这类作品在利用时出现由于权利太多而导致的交易成本问题。无论将权利初始分配给单一的组织或整个创作群体,还是让个体权利人自愿弃权,都有其不可避免的缺陷。将集体创作作品的版权留在独立分散的创作者手中,并通过公共许可机制将集体创作作品的版权提前授权给他人,既保留了创作者的自治性,又解决了权利原子化带来的交易成本问题。     

The social context of violent victimization: A study of the delinquent peer effect

Haynie's (2001) work on the structural dimensions of peer networks demonstrated how the characteristics of networks may influence individual delinquent behavior. This study extends the network approach to the prediction of violent victimization. The National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is used to examine how the friendship-network characteristics of centrality, density, and popularity affect vulnerability. The findings indicate that central and popular members of dense conventional groups experienced lower levels of violent victimization, while the opposite was true of similarly situated members of delinquent networks. Implications for victimization and research related to the specification of how delinquent peer associations promote vulnerability are discussed.     

《天地》视野下的市民文化空间透视

《天地》是由苏青自主编辑出版的体现市民价值观倾向的小品文杂志.在1940年代上海沦陷区的特殊背景下,《天地》之所以脱颖而出,与它以日常生活为主题的市民文化立场有关系.《天地》体现了消费性、世俗性和功利性的市民文化特点,而这种市民文化又具有鲜明的女性特征.     

论民间心理学本体论地位的动摇及其对心灵哲学的解构——基于小悦悦“道德公共事件”的分析

民间心理学将信念理论作为重要的解释和预言行为的原则,它的核心内容是求助于信念和意图解释人的纷繁复杂的行为。信念理论的发展变迁不仅引发了民间心理学本体论地位和未来命运的激烈讨论,更重要的是,它动摇了多年来一直稳固如山的心灵哲学的根基和地位,由此对现实生活中人们身心问题尤其是对心灵的解构有着极其重要的观照意义。     

A Meta-Analysis of Race and Sentencing Research: Explaining the Inconsistencies

Numerous studies have addressed the question: Are African-Americans treated more harshly than similarly situated whites? This research employs meta-analysis to synthesize this body of research. One-hundred-sixteen statistically independent contrasts were coded from 71 published and unpublished studies. Coded study and contextual features are used to explain variation in research findings. Analyses indicate that African-Americans generally are sentenced more harshly than whites; the magnitude of this race effect is statistically significant but small and highly variable. Larger estimates of unwarranted disparity are found in contrasts that examine drug offenses, imprisonment or discretionary decisions, do not pool cases from several smaller jurisdictions, utilize imprecise measures, or omit key variables. Yet, even when consideration is confined to those contrasts employing key controls and precise measures of key variables, unwarranted racial disparities persists. Further, a substantial proportion of variability in study results is explained by study factors, particularly methodological factors.     

The judicial response to crime and the criminal: A utilitarian perspective

This paper examines the hypothesis that the sentencing decision of the criminal court is consistent with utilitarian principles and that the judiciary uses the length of incarceration as an instrument for the maximization of societal well-being. A theoretical model is developed, whose principal arguments are offender and offense attributes, resource costs, the availability of alternative sanctions, and the general crime rate. Four questions are considered: (i) How does a utilitarian court respond to a general increase in crime? (ii) How does the availability of alternative sanctions affect the length of incarceration ? (iii) How does a utilitarian court respond to offenders who are more likely to recidivate? (iv) How does the court respond to offenders who commit more serious offenses? The model is empirically evaluated, using cross-sectional data for the state of Georgia for individuals sentenced to prison in 1978 for a UCR index offense. The theoretical model provides few specific behavioral rules for the court to follow. Answers to the foregoing four questions are shown to depend upon both the efficacy of sanctions and the cost of the administration of those sanctions. It is not possible to predict, for example, how a utilitarian court should respond to a rise in crime or how it should respond to offenders who are likely to commit more serious offenses. The empirical analysis shows that, in fact, the sentence length varied inversely with the general offense rate, with the likelihood of imprisonment, and with the length of postprison probation. The evidence also indicates that sentences vary with the individual's original record but not with the offender's age or race. With the exception of possible gender bias, the court's sentencing behavior was consistent with utilitarian principles.     

专利价值之谜及其理论求解

在当今专利制度中,尽管多数专利的价值往往少于专利申请和维持的费用,但专利申请案和授权量却急剧增长。这被称之为专利价值之谜,其理论求解应从专利获取的目的出发。竞争者之所以通过申请大量专利的方式形成专利组合,是因为它既是竞争者的防卫之盾,也是其进攻之矛。非竞争者所拥有的专利组合备受人们指责;但事实上,非实施企业拥有的专利质量大都可靠。此外,大量专利的形成是专利制度为鼓励专利竞赛有意而为的结果。因为由大量专利结合而成的专利组合能够区分市场上真正的创新者和模仿者,从而保障创新者的竞争优势。我国应该采取合理的措施鼓励我国的创新企业形成自己的专利组合。     

Race and decision making within juvenile justice: The importance of context

Previous tests of the influence of race on decision making within juvenile justice proceedings have traditionally focused on case-level variables and/or macrolevel factors that characterize the jurisdictions under study. Often excluded are measures of the attitudinal context within which decision making occurs. Using a revised conflict perspective that incorporates the role of racial stereotyping, hypotheses are developed centering on racial differences in case processing decisions within four midwest jurisdictions. Attitudes of juvenile court officials toward the punitiveness of the juvenile court and perceptions regarding differences between the behavior and attitudes of whites and those of African Americans are included in additive and race interactive models of five decision-making stages. Results indicate both lenient and harsh treatment of African Americans compared to whites. Hypotheses regarding racial stereotyping in the decision-making process receive some support and the discussion focuses on how inconsistent racial effects may be a function of variation in structural “coupling” across system decision points.     

责任意识、公平感与组织公民行为之关系研究

旨在考察企业员工的责任意识和公平感对组织公民行为的预测效应,及公平感在责任意识与组织公民行为之间的调节效应.以188名企业员工及其直接主管为被试,运用问卷调查法收集数据,通过相关分析、多元分层、回归分析等统计方法考察变量间关系.结果发现:在控制了人口统计学变量后,员工的责任意识能显著提高个人、群体和组织公民行为可解释的变异.员工责任意识和公平感都可预测组织公民行为的水平,责任意识对组织公民行为的预测作用在很大程度上受公平感的负向调节,即当员工公平感较强时,责任意识与组织公民行为之间的相关较小,当员工公平感欠缺时,两者相关较大.     

Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew's gender/GST hypotheses

Some scholars argue for sex-specific explanations of criminal behavior, while others opt for more general theories of crime. In this article, we elaborate on recent explorations of gender differences in general strain theory (GST). Using data obtained from self-report interviews of delinquent youths, we implemented measures of strain, negative emotions, and coping resources to examine sex differences in GST-related processes across both interpersonal and property offending. The results offer some support for Broidy and Agnew's gender/general strain hypotheses and, at the same time, offer modifications and extensions for future research on GST.     

Twenty years of homicide and robbery in Chicago: The impact of the city's changing racial and age composition

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) arrest and offense data for Chicago for 1960 to 1980 and population data from the 1960, 1970, and 1980 censuses are used to assess the extent to which demographic changes help explain trends in the city's homicide and robbery arrests. The results indicate that a changing racial composition contributed to changes in the age composition of Chicago's population as well as to changes in the homicide rate. Age-specific analysis by race and gender suggests that as much as 24% of the total increase in homicide arrests and 45% of the increase in robbery arrests (from 1962 to 1980) can be attributed to an increase in the number of nonwhite men in the population. Increasedrates of arrest of nonwhite men appear to account for large parts of the increases in homicide and robbery arrests, with increased rates for white men and nonwhite women also accounting for some of these increases. The paper closes with a discussion of the issues raised by these trends for Chicago and other urban areas.Revision of a paper presented at the 1984 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Cincinnati.     

集体土地所有权与使用权非法转让现状及处理

我国现行的土地使用权出让和转让制度,不包括集体土地使用权的出让和转让。随着社会经济的发展,集体土地使用权为满足各种经济需求,以各种形式在市场中流转,并日益活跃,大量的农村集体土地交易行为处于效力不稳定状态之下,引发大量纠纷的产生。具体分析集体土地所有权与使用权非法转让的客观现状及类型,结合实际提出对集体土地所有权与使用权纠纷案件的处理原则及对集体土地所有权与使用权纠纷合同效力的认定和处理原则,是完善我国集体土地所有权与使用权法律制度的重要内容。     

Organizational Justice and Job Satisfaction: A Test of Three Competing Models

Using nationally representative data, we test three theories about distributive and procedural justice and their relation to job satisfaction. Our results support the group-value model more than the personal outcomes model by showing that procedural justice is a more important predictor of job satisfaction than is distributive justice. Furthermore, although other research has supported the psychological contract model by showing that experiences with downsizing alter how procedural justice and distributive justice are related to organizational commitment, we find that downsizing does not alter their relationship with job satisfaction.     

Race and Jurors' Receptivity to Mitigation in Capital Cases: The Effect of Jurors', Defendants', and Victims' Race in Combination

This paper examines the variation in receptivity to mitigation evidence by capital jurors as it varies by the race of the juror, defendant, and victim individually and in combination. Attitudinal and racial characteristics from 865 respondents in the Capital Jury Project were used in the analysis. Using a generalized form of multiple regression, the respondent's receptivity to mitigation evidence was predicted and changes in receptivity were calculated as the race of the main trial participants (juror, defendant, and victim) were varied. Statistical controls were put in place for gender of respondent; respondent's perception of the dangerousness of the defendant, heinousness of the crime, and view of the defense attorney; respondent's formation of a premature sentencing decision; and whether the trial took place in a southern state jurisdiction. Results indicate that Black jurors in cases where a Black is charged with killing a White victim are chiefly responsible for the observed variance in receptivity to mitigation.     

The Impact of Punishment and Rehabilitation Views on Organizational Commitment Among Correctional Staff: A Preliminary Study

It has been long recognized that organizational commitment is an important component of effective organizations. It has, however, received relatively little attention in the correctional literature. Furthermore, much of the research to date on correctional orientation has focused on examining how various forces affect the punishment and rehabilitation views of correctional employees, but ignored how these views affect employees’ organizational commitment. Using a data set collected from 272 staff members at a Midwestern, high security state prison, this study examined the impact of punishment and rehabilitation views on organizational commitment. It was found that support for rehabilitation was associated with higher levels of organizational commitment while support for punishment was related with lower levels of organizational commitment.     

警、检一体化：超越现实的制度设计

警、检一体化模式的提出旨在提高刑事诉讼效率，其基本要求是检察对侦查的管理、领导、指挥和监督，与之相适应，应改革现行的公安管理体制，确立司法审查制度并强化犯罪嫌疑人的诉讼权利。警、检一体理论缺乏司法环境的现实基础，因而注定了其“空中楼阁”式的理论结局。针对当前警、检关系之间存在的冲突，可以从捕诉一体化改革、检察官提前介入“证据把关”、重设“预审员”等途径加强警、检之间的配合，从而提高诉讼效率；从建立立案、强制处分和撤案备案制度，以及畅通犯罪嫌疑人权利救济的途径促进侦查监督，以此确保侦查程序的公正。     

转型期中国的大众文化与传媒角色

把问题摆在全球化语境下探讨,是因为“全球化”和“信息化”的发展促进了中西方的全面交流,其裹挟而来的文化冲击也进一步促使传统中国社会发生着深刻的转型。传统文化的历史底蕴及其内含的惰性因子、商业文化的蔓生和多元价值取向共同塑造了复杂的社会文化现象。作为一个社会影响力很强的“文化装置”,媒体具有极强的“聚合力”和“辐射性”,成为文化传播的强大推动力。当下传媒的文化表现与走向在很大程度上影响着大众文化转型的未来走向。应确立一种适应现代社会发展需要的,成熟、健康的文化形态,大众媒体应当对自己所扮演的角色进行重新定位,并努力寻找出一条展现自身使命之路。     

超越自我的群体幻象——意识形态与20世纪上半叶中国文学社团的研究

意识形态不仅是社会的有机组成部分,也是人类生命的有机组成部分.它更多作为一个在某种特定利益驱使下形成的包含着欲望、情感、表象的知识系统,有着理论和实践的功能.它包容着政治、经济、道德、伦理等观念思想,但又不是简单的等同.意识形态是一个动态的整合的文化概念.这一理论视野提供了重新审视和阐释现代中国文学社团的可能.现代中国文学社团的源流、生成及形态等,与现代中国社会政治文化等诸方面构成了关系复杂的网络.现代中国文学社团发展史既是一部现代意识形态史,又是现代知识分子不断追求超越自我的群体幻象.在一个互动的文化结构体系中,考察现代文学社团自身,反省现代文学社团研究,重要的是尊重文学社团的独立形态、结构特征,正确区分与文学流派、思潮的整合关系.