共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The aim of this study is to present a construction of the history of the prison system in Taiwan in the context of the intertwined structures of penal discourses and the governmentality of the state. The prison system in Taiwan has been subject to different ruling political regimes, ranging from colonised, authoritarian to liberal-democratic systems between 1895 and the present. The history of imprisonment can be divided into six stages, each of which consists of distinct governmental strategies that shape prominent penal discourses. My purpose was to uncover the exercising power of governmentality, further shaping, guiding and affecting the penal discourses via rationalities and technologies upon which prison administration depends. 相似文献
2.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
3.
The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language
they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected to a content
analysis, and the salience of the values, norms and argot terms were assessed using two measures, attention and intensity.
The inmates’ values and norms and the argot expressions were divided into categories with reference to different aspects of
prison experience: prisoners’ adherence to the code, inmates’ interpersonal loyalty, sexual behavior in prison, drugs, violence
and miscellaneous.
相似文献
4.
There is no scholarly consensus as to the proper functional form of the crime equation, particularly with regard to one critical,
explanatory variable—prison population. The critical questions are whether crime and prison rates must be differenced, whether
they are cointegrated, and whether they are simultaneously determined—whether crime and prison cause one another. To determine
the proper specification, different researchers have applied unit-root, cointegration, and Granger tests to very similar data
sets and obtained very different results. This has led to very different specifications and predictably different implications
for public policy. These differences are more likely to be due to the methods used, rather than to real differences among
the data sets. When the best available methods are used to identify the proper specification for a panel of U.S. states, results
are fairly clear. Crime rates and prison populations are close to unit-root; crime and prison are not cointegrated; crime
clearly affects subsequent prison populations. Thus the best specification of the crime equation must rely on differenced
data and instrumental variables. Alternative specifications run a substantial risk of spurious results.
相似文献
5.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
6.
Two studies investigated people’s perceptions of the acceptability of restorative justice procedures for handling crimes that
differ in severity. Results from Study 1 supported our hypothesis that as crimes increase in seriousness, people require a
restorative justice procedure that also has a possible retributive component (i.e. a prison sentence). Study 1 also demonstrated
that individuals assigned lower prison sentences for offenders who successfully completed a restorative procedure as compared
to a traditional court procedure. The results from Study 2 replicated those from Study 1, as well as demonstrating that offenders
who failed to successfully complete the restorative procedure received no reduction in prison sentence. These findings suggest
that in order for citizens to view a restorative justice procedure as an acceptable alternative to the traditional court system
for serious crimes, the procedure must allow for the option of some retributive measures.
相似文献
7.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
8.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
10.
This essay provides an economist’s perspective on criminological research into incapacitation effects on crime. Our central
argument is that criminologists would do well to substantially scale back the enterprise of trying to estimate the various
behavioral parameters central to a micro-level approach to measuring incapacitation effects, including the annual rate of
offending outside of prison (λ) and the lengths of criminal careers. One problem with this line of research is practical:
for example, mean estimates of self-reported criminal activity by incarcerated prisoners are quite sensitive to reports by
the most criminally active offenders. But the larger concern is conceptual—the incapacitation effects from a given change
in sentencing policy may be undermined by the possibility of replacement effects, and at the same time omit other benefits
that may arise from deterrent effects on crime. A more promising approach is to identify plausibly exogenous changes in sentencing
policy in order to estimate the net impact on crime from the combined effects of incapacitation, deterrence and replacement.
相似文献
11.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
相似文献
12.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
相似文献
13.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
相似文献
14.
The European Commission’s proposal to establish a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base reduces both compliance and administrative
costs for European groups. The proposal would replace separate entity accounting with a profit allocation based on formula
apportionment. Since formula apportionment rests on the source principle, the group faces an incentive to invest in low tax
member states. Residence-based group taxation based on separate entity accounting could be an alternative. The subsidiaries’
profits and losses are attributed to the parent of the group (current inclusion), and the European group’s profit is taxed
at the corporate income tax rate of the parent. The parent’s state of residence grants a foreign tax credit. Current inclusion
prevents tax distortions regarding the location of investments, if no limitations on the foreign tax credit exist. A serious
drawback of residence-based taxation is the incentive to move the group’s headquarter to a low tax member state. At present,
this incentive is mitigated by exit taxation. Applicable exit taxation rules, however, most likely infringe upon European
law. Rules that conform to European law probably abolish unfavourable liquidity effects upon exit. In net present value terms,
however, exit taxes still render it burdensome for the group to move the headquarter to another member state.
相似文献
15.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
相似文献
16.
Questions and answers about incapacitation abound in all discussions about criminal justice policy. They are among the most
pressing of all research issues, yet estimates about the incapacitation effect on crime vary considerably, and most are based
on very old and incomplete estimates of the longitudinal pattern of criminal careers. This paper provides an overview of the
incapacitation issue, highlights information on recent estimates of criminal careers that are useful to the incapacitation
model, and outlines an ambitious research agenda for continued and expanded work on incapacitation and crime that centers
on developing better estimates of the characteristics of criminal careers and their relevance to policy choices.
相似文献
17.
This article reviews studies of China’s correctional system and recidivism in approximately the last two decades. Studies
on the Chinese correctional system may be grouped into two subfields, one on studies of the correctional system itself (e.g.,
the composition and the function of the system), and the other on studies of prison inmates in other related topics (e.g.,
their criminal behavior). Studies on China’s recidivism showed a very low recidivism rate, and China’s crime prevention strategies
were closely related to its societal structure and social control. Future studies in these two areas need to focus on the
most recent changes in the Chinese criminal justice system, and gain more access to Chinese prisons to do empirical testing.
相似文献
18.
This paper describes the UK’s anti-money laundering and asset recovery laws and the aims and objectives behind the regime
since the introduction of the Proceeds of Crime Act in 2002. It then evaluates the regime in terms of the amount of criminal
assets recovered, its application against organised crime and its impact upon the price of illegal drugs.
相似文献
19.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
相似文献
20.
This paper presents an information theoretic approach for estimating the number of crimes averted by incapacitation. It first
develops models of the criminal history accumulation process of a sample of prison releasees using their official recorded
arrest histories prior to incarceration. The models yield individual offending trajectories that are then used to compute
the number of crimes these releasees could reasonably have been expected to commit had they not been incarcerated—the counterfactual
of interest. The models also afford the opportunity to conduct a limited set of policy simulations. The data reveal a fair
amount of variation among individuals both in terms of the number of crimes averted by their incarceration and the responsiveness
of these estimates to longer incarceration terms. Estimates were found not to vary substantially across demographic groups
defined by offender race, gender, or ethnicity; variations across states and offense types were more pronounced. Implications
of the findings and promising avenues for future research are discussed.
相似文献
|